Computing at the High Energy Physics Lab at

Computing at the High Energy Physics Lab at FIT Patrick Ford, Jen Helsby, Richard Hoch, David Pena Dr. Hohlmann, Dr. Mitra

Current Projects • Cluster Computing - HEP’s computer cluster • Grid Computing - Getting the cluster on the Open Science Grid • Simulations of Particles Through Matter - Using Geant 4 to model cosmic ray muons traveling through different mediums • Reconstruction Algorithms - Developing algorithms to reconstruct muons passage through matter

Cluster Computing • Popular high performance computing solution. • A computer cluster is a group of tightly coupled computers that work together closely so that in many respects they can be viewed as though they are a single computer. • Computing clusters make up over half of the top 500 most powerful computers in the world System X at Virginia Tech (12. 5 Teraflops) [1]

HEP Computer Cluster • Equipment loaned by University of Florida • Started with 10 Dual CPU Intel Pentium 1. 0 GHz servers • One server for front-end, nine for nodes • Uses networked attached storage (NAS) • Cascaded switches for expandability and redundancy

Cluster Topology

Current and Future Status • Currently the original front-end is still being used, but the cluster has expanded to 30 nodes • Uses a high-end managed switch as the hub of network and cascades to unmanaged switches with 10 nodes each • Future expansion will include high-end compute nodes, a ~10 TB NAS, and a better front-end MAGNUM XV 3045 NAS [2]

HEP COMPUTER CLUSTER Newest Nodes NAS 1 and 2

Rocks • Open-source Linux cluster distribution • Enables end users to easily build computational clusters [3]

Rocks Kickstart Graph

Networked Attached Storage • Also uses Rocks • Uses RAID 5 - Faster writing. Each hard drive needs to write only 1/3 of the data - Efficiency increases as number of hard drives increases - Fault tolerance. If any one hard drive fails, the data on that drive can be reconstructed using the data from the other two drives.

Condor • Software that enables us to distribute the load of a computing task over all the CPUs in the cluster • This type of software is called a batch job system • Well suited for grid computing, as it is able to submit jobs to machines located all over the world

Grid Computing • A collection of networks, software, and computers intended for shared use by organizations of people • Resources are managed by a grid • Users run applications as needed without worrying about where the computers are • Well-suited to organizations that consist of a large number of geographically distributed members, all working on a common project, and who require shared computing resources in order to accomplish their work

Grid Layers I. Network layer - Underlying connectivity II. The grid's resources - data storage, databases, software repositories, and even sensors III. The middleware, or "brains" of the grid - does all the work to connect users' jobs to computing resources IV. Application layer - diverse layer, as it includes virtually any program an end user wishes to run

Open Science Grid • A distributed computing infrastructure that is used for large-scale scientific work • Used by many universities, laboratories, and software developers • Backed by the NSF and the U. S. Department of Energy's Office of Science • The OSG Consortium builds and operates the OSG project, with the goal of giving scientists from many fields access to shared resources worldwide

Science on OSG • Scientists from many fields use OSG: particle and nuclear physics, astrophysics, bioinformatics, gravitational-wave science and computer science collaborations [4]

Getting On OSG • Need the third layer, the middleware • OSG’s is based on the Virtual Data Toolkit (VDT) • Installation package is needed, called Pacman • First installed Integration Test Bed (ITB) client and then the Compute Element (CE) package

Getting On OSG (cont. ) • Interfacing Globus and Condor • Installing additional packages: Managed Fork , Mona. Lisa, other monitoring services • Getting personal and host certificates, and the Certificate Authority (CA) list • Testing and debugging the install • Registering with OSG

Success… partially The Integration Test Bed Map

Particle Simulations • Geant 4 provides a toolkit that enables modeling of many different particles through matter • Much data can be extracted from these simulations • Our focus is on the simulation of cosmic ray muons traveling through different mediums. Why?

Muon Tomograpy • Outgrowth of muon and proton radiography • Provides a new way to detect threats such as nuclear weapons or fissionable material, and other terrorist threats (artillery shells, IED’s, etc. ) • Why muons?

Why Muons? • Relatively large elementary particles and travel at relativistic speeds, can penetrate tens of meters into rocks and other matter before attenuating as a result of absorption or deflection by other atoms • All natural occurring muons on Earth are due to cosmic rays • One per cm^2 per minute • Muons are deflected by coulomb scattering, dependent on the atomic number of the material • Benefits over other techniques üMuons more penetrating than gamma rays üNo extra radiation dose üFewer false alarms [5]

How Does It Work?

Geant 4 • Free tool that can run on Windows, Linux, and MAC OS X • Current version written in C++; former versions written in Fortran • Developed and maintained by the Geant 4 collaboration which has over 100 members worldwide [6]

Scope of Geant 4 • the geometry of the system (e. g. a box) • the materials involved (e. g. Pb, U, etc. ) • the fundamental particles of interest (e. g. electrons, muons, etc. ) • the physics processes governing particle interactions • the generation of event data • the storage of events and tracks • the visualization of the detector and particle trajectories • the capture and analysis of simulation data at different levels of detail and refinement

First Scenario • Created a 50 x 50 cm^3 lead block in an argon atmosphere • Bombarded it with 3 Ge. V muons • Interactions included: muons, electrons - ionization, knock-on electrons, multiple scattering photons – absorption via photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production

Second Scenario • Interfaced Cosmic Ra. Y (CRY) to simulate cosmic ray muon • Used same lead box as material to detect, but added detectors made of G 10 Material Ø Blue – Positively Charged Muons ØRed – Negatively Charged Muons ØGreen - Photons

Future Scenarios • Adding more detectors • Simulating a truck carrying plywood • Hidden in the cargo area, and in the engine block are small blocks of uranium • Problems: - Small amounts of high-z material harder to detect - Engine block contains high-z material so multiple scattering will occur

Reconstruction Algorithms • Produces a 3 D image from the projection • For Muon Tomography two have been prominently used: - Point of Closest Approach - Maximum Likelihood • Implemented the POCA algorithm

Point of Closest Approach • Take two lines, L 1 and L 2 • Take w(s, t) = L 1(s) – L 2(t) • L 1 and L 2 closest when w(s, t) is a minimum, and this vector is perpendicular to these points, meaning w·v=0 and w·u=0 • Solve these by substituting w = L 1(s)-L 2(t) = w 0 + su - tv, where w 0 = P 0 -Q 0 we get two linear equations: • (u·u)s-(u·v)t=-u·w 0 and (u·v)s-(v·v)t=-v·w 0 • If we set a = (u·u), b = (u·v), c = (v·v), d = u·w 0 and e = v·wo and then solve for s and t we get the equations: • s = be-cd/(ac-b^2) and t = ae-bd/(ac-b^2)

Using POCA to find Scatter Points

3 D Imaging • Also have the scattering angle of the muon • A large scattering angle indicates high Zobject • When plotted, points will be assigned colors according to scattering angle [7]

Future Work • Expanding the Cluster - High-end nodes, NAS, and front-end • Becoming a fully functional site on OSG • Modeling more detailed scenarios using Geant 4 • Improving POCA, and implementing a Maximum Likelihood algorithm • Using real world data

References 1) 2) 3) 4) http: //www. vt. edu/spotlight/20060806_systemx. php http: //www. cybertronpc. com/ http: //www. rocksclusters. org/wordpress/ http: //www. opensciencegrid. org/Science_on_the_O SG/Currently_Running_Applications 5) http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Muons 6) http: //geant 4. web. cern. ch/geant 4/ 7) http: //math. lanl. gov/Research/Publications/Docs/bo rozdin-2004 -information. pdf