Computer Studies 7010 GCSEOLevel Section3 Problem solution including

Computer Studies 7010 GCSE/O-Level Section-3 Problem solution, including algorithm design and programming concepts Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

SECTION-3 Problem solution, including algorithm design and programming concepts Computer Studies 7010 Program A set of instructions given to the Computer to perform some specific task known as Program or Software. Programming Languages: Programming Languages divided into two types 1. High Level Language (Source Code) 2. Low Level Language (Object Code) Made By: M. Saleem Mughal (MS), ( MCS), (BS) Grand Charter School Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

High-Level Language The Language which is close to human language is called High-Level Language. Advantages of High Level-Language: u u u Easy to understand User friendly Language It is difficult for the Machine. Easy to Learn & Use Easy for Programming Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Low-Level Language “A Language that is close to Computer or easily understandable by the Computer is called Low-Level Language. ” Types of Low Level Language: There are two types of Low Level Language. Machine Language 2. Assembly Language Advantages of Low-Level Language: 1. u u u Machine dependent language Also called first level language of computer. Program written in the language run very fast. Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Source Code & Object Code Source Code (Source Program) A program written in High-Level Langue is known as Source Code or Source Program. Object Code (Object Program) A program written in Low-Level language is known as object code or object program. Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Language Translators A language translator is a Transitional Software that enables a computer to respond the user’s instructions. Three types of Language Translators 1. 2. 3. Compiler Interpreter Assembler Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Complier, Interpreter & Assembler Complier: A Complier is a software that translate High-Level Language into Low-Level Language or it translate source program into object program as a whole. Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Interpreter: The language translator that executes a source program by translating and executing one instruction at a time is called Interpreter. Assembler: It is a program that translates an assembly code into machine code. Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Algorithm & Flow Chart Algorithm: An Algorithm is a set of rules or step by step instructions for solving a particular problem. Flow Chart: A flow chart is a block diagram that show the structure and purpose of the program. 1. System Flow Chart 2. Program Flow Chart Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Algorithm Tools 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Top Down Design Structure Diagram Flow Chart Procedure Subroutine Pseudo Code Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Top-Down Design: It is the breaking of the main problem into smaller units until they are sufficiently small to be solved. Procedure: It is a step-wise refinement of program. Subroutine: A subroutine is a system functions or Library Functions Sort, search & arithmetic procedures or print routine. Pseudo Code: A series or steps of instructions used to solve a problem. Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Programming Error Bugs: An error in a program is called Bug. De-Bugging: A method of finding & removing errors in a program is called De-bugging. Types of Error: 1. Syntax Error 2. Logical Error 3. Run time Error Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Expert System & Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an advance branch of science that studies the process of human thinking and attempts to apply the knowledge to simulate the same process in machines. or use of Computers to perform human-like activities such as pattern recognition, object recognition and voice recognition. Filed of A. I Computer Games Expert System Neural Network Robotics Expert System: A type of Computer Software package that specializes in one area or application to help humans make a decision or solve a problem. Acts as a consultant or expert to the user. Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Expert System & Artificial Intelligence Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Control Structure 1. 2. 3. Sequence Control Structure Selection Control Structure Loop or Repetition Control Structure Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Documentation 1. 2. 3. User Documentation Technical Documentation Turnaround Document Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

User Documentation: A user documentation is a user guide consisting of screen shots, error message, layout etc. to help the user understand the working and problems arising in the software. Technical Documentation: Documentation for a programmer OR System analyst needed when a system is being up graded OR improved including program flowchart test plans data structure software requirements, hardware requirements. Turnaround Document: They are document produced by a Computer which are subsequently used as an input document by the Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Relational Database A collection of data in which item groups are related in some way. E. g. A bookseller keeps a database n Entity Relationship Diagram: The E-R (entity-relationship) data model views the real world as a set of basic objects (entities) and relationships among these objects. It is intended primarily for the DB design process by allowing the specification of an enterprise scheme. This represents the overall logical structure of the DB. Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3

Computer Srudies 7010 GCS/O Level Section-3