Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Components CPU Input

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Computer Hardware Computer Software

Computer Hardware Computer Software

Computer Components CPU Input Devices Secondary Storage Buses Output Devices Communications Devices Primary Storage

Computer Components CPU Input Devices Secondary Storage Buses Output Devices Communications Devices Primary Storage 2

How Computers Represent Data ¨ Bit – Binary Digit. On/off, 0/1, Magnetic/not ¨ Byte

How Computers Represent Data ¨ Bit – Binary Digit. On/off, 0/1, Magnetic/not ¨ Byte – Group of Bits for One Character • EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 Bits Per Byte) • ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 Bits Per Byte) ¨ Parity Bit – Extra Bit Added to Each Byte to Help Detect Errors 3

Examples Of Bytes EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) C: 1100 0011 0 A: 1100

Examples Of Bytes EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) C: 1100 0011 0 A: 1100 0001 1 T: 1110 0011 1 100 0001 0 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number 4

CPU - Central Processing Unit ¨ It is the Heart of the Computer. ¨

CPU - Central Processing Unit ¨ It is the Heart of the Computer. ¨ A Collection Of Electronic Circuits. ¨ Electronic Impulses Enter The CPU From An Input Device. ¨ These Impulses Are Sent Under Program Control Through Circuits To Create A Series Of New Impulses. ¨ A Set Of Impulses Leaves The CPU For The Output Device. 5

Two CPU Sections ¨ Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) - Performs Arithmetic And Logical Operations On

Two CPU Sections ¨ Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) - Performs Arithmetic And Logical Operations On Data. – – Arithmetic Operations: + - * / Logical Operations: Comparing Data ¨ Control Unit - Section Of The CPU That Directs The Flow Of Electronic Traffic Between: – – 6 Memory And The ALU CPU and Input And Output Devices

Memory ¨ Primary (Internal) Storage Holds: – Programs And Data Passed To The Computer

Memory ¨ Primary (Internal) Storage Holds: – Programs And Data Passed To The Computer For Processing – Intermediate Processing Results – Output That Is Ready To Be Transmitted To Secondary Storage Or To An Output Device. Eg: RAM 7

Memory Address ¨ Once Programs, Data, Intermediate Results, And Output Are Stored In Memory,

Memory Address ¨ Once Programs, Data, Intermediate Results, And Output Are Stored In Memory, The CPU Must Be Able To Find Them Again. ¨ Each Location In Memory Has An Address. 8

Memory Size ¨ Kilobyte (KB): 210 Bytes. . . 1024 Bytes ¨ Megabyte (MB):

Memory Size ¨ Kilobyte (KB): 210 Bytes. . . 1024 Bytes ¨ Megabyte (MB): 210 KB. . . “Million” Bytes ¨ Gigabyte (GB): 210 MB. . . “Billion” Bytes ¨ Terabyte (TB): 210 GB. . . “Trillion” Bytes 9

Registers ¨ A High Speed Staging Area Within The Computer That Temporarily Stores Data

Registers ¨ A High Speed Staging Area Within The Computer That Temporarily Stores Data During Processing. ¨ These Areas Called Registers. ¨ Part Of The CPU 10

Four Types Of Registers ¨ Instruction ¨ Holds The Part Of The Instruction ¨

Four Types Of Registers ¨ Instruction ¨ Holds The Part Of The Instruction ¨ Address ¨ Contains The Memory Location ¨ Storage ¨ Prior To Processing, The Register Indicating What The Computer Is To Do Next. Of Data To Be Used. That Temporarily Stores Data That Have Been Retrieved From Memory. ¨ Accumulator ¨ Stores The Result Of An Arithmetic Or Logical Operator. 11

Types Of Memory ¨ RAM : Random Access Memory – Dynamic: Changes Thru Processing

Types Of Memory ¨ RAM : Random Access Memory – Dynamic: Changes Thru Processing – Static: Remains Constant (Power On) ¨ ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) – PROM: Program Can Be Changed Once – EPROM: Erasable Thru Ultraviolet Light – EEPROM: Electrically Erasable 12

How Devices Are Linked I/O Devices CPU RAM ROM Add-In Boards BUS Ports I/O

How Devices Are Linked I/O Devices CPU RAM ROM Add-In Boards BUS Ports I/O Devices 13 BUS allows CPU to communicate with RAM, ROM, and peripheral devices connected through either boards or ports.

Secondary Storage ¨ Disk ¨ Tape ¨ Optical Storage 14

Secondary Storage ¨ Disk ¨ Tape ¨ Optical Storage 14

Optical Storage ¨ CD-ROM: 500 -660 MEGABYTES – LAND: Flat parts of disk surface

Optical Storage ¨ CD-ROM: 500 -660 MEGABYTES – LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light – PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light ¨ WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): – CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable – CD-RW: CD - Rewritable ¨ DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data 15

Input/Output Devices ¨ Pointing Devices ¨ Source Data Automation ¨ Output Devices 16

Input/Output Devices ¨ Pointing Devices ¨ Source Data Automation ¨ Output Devices 16

Pointing Devices ¨ Keyboard ¨ Mouse – Wired – Infra-red – Trackball – Touch

Pointing Devices ¨ Keyboard ¨ Mouse – Wired – Infra-red – Trackball – Touch Pad ¨ Joystick ¨ Touch Screen 17

Source Data Automation ¨ Captures Data In Computer Form At Time & Place Of

Source Data Automation ¨ Captures Data In Computer Form At Time & Place Of Transaction ¨ Barcode – Identifies Products in Stores, Warehouses, Shipments ¨ Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) – Special Ink Identifies Bank, Account, Amount 18

Source Data Automation ¨ Pen-Based Input – Digitizes Signature ¨ Digital Scanner – Translates

Source Data Automation ¨ Pen-Based Input – Digitizes Signature ¨ Digital Scanner – Translates Images & Characters Into Digital Form ¨ Voice Input Devices – Converts Spoken Word Into Digital Form ¨ Sensors – Devices That Collect Data From Environment for Computer Input (E. G. , Thermometers, Pressure Gauges) 19

Output Devices ¨ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) ¨ Printer ¨ Plotter ¨ Voice Output

Output Devices ¨ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) ¨ Printer ¨ Plotter ¨ Voice Output Device 20

Data Processing ¨ Batch Processing – Transaction Data Stored Until Convenient to Process As

Data Processing ¨ Batch Processing – Transaction Data Stored Until Convenient to Process As a Group. Useful for Less Timesensitive Actions. ¨ On-line Processing – Transaction Data Entered Directly Into System, Constantly Updating Files. Requires Direct-access Devices. 21

Categories Of Computers ¨ Supercomputer ¨ Mainframe ¨ Midrange & Minicomputer ¨ Server ¨

Categories Of Computers ¨ Supercomputer ¨ Mainframe ¨ Midrange & Minicomputer ¨ Server ¨ Personal Computer (PC) ¨ Workstation 22

Supercomputer ¨ Highly Sophisticated ¨ Complex Computations ¨ FASTEST CPUs ¨ Large Simulations ¨

Supercomputer ¨ Highly Sophisticated ¨ Complex Computations ¨ FASTEST CPUs ¨ Large Simulations ¨ State-of-the-art Components ¨ Expensive 23

Mainframe ¨ Largest Enterprise Computer ¨ 50 Megabytes to Over One Gigabyte RAM ¨

Mainframe ¨ Largest Enterprise Computer ¨ 50 Megabytes to Over One Gigabyte RAM ¨ Commercial, Scientific, Military Applications ¨ Massive Data ¨ Complicated Computations 24

Midrange/Minicomputer ¨ Middle-Range ¨ 10 Megabytes To Over One Gigabyte RAM ¨ Universities, Factories,

Midrange/Minicomputer ¨ Middle-Range ¨ 10 Megabytes To Over One Gigabyte RAM ¨ Universities, Factories, Labs ¨ Used As Front-End Processor For Mainframe 25

Client / Server ¨ Networked Computers ¨ Client – User (PC, Workstation, Laptop) Requires

Client / Server ¨ Networked Computers ¨ Client – User (PC, Workstation, Laptop) Requires Data, Application, Communications It Does Not Have ¨ Server – Component (Computer) Having Desired Data, Application, Communications 26

Client / Server Client Requests Server Data, Service 27 User Interface Data Application Function

Client / Server Client Requests Server Data, Service 27 User Interface Data Application Function Network Resources

Microcomputer ¨ Desktop or Portable ¨ 64 Kilobytes to Over 128 Megabytes RAM ¨

Microcomputer ¨ Desktop or Portable ¨ 64 Kilobytes to Over 128 Megabytes RAM ¨ Personal or Business Computers ¨ Affordable ¨ Many Available Components ¨ Can Be Networked 28

Workstation ¨ Desktop Computer ¨ Powerful Graphics ¨ Extensive Math Capabilities ¨ Multi-tasking ¨

Workstation ¨ Desktop Computer ¨ Powerful Graphics ¨ Extensive Math Capabilities ¨ Multi-tasking ¨ Usually Configured To Special Function: e. g. ; CAD, Engineering, Graphics 29

Centralized / Distributed ¨ Centralized – Processing By Central Computer Site • One Standard

Centralized / Distributed ¨ Centralized – Processing By Central Computer Site • One Standard • Greater Control ¨ Distributed – Processing By Several Computer Sites Linked By Networks • More Flexibility • Faster Response 30

Sharing Computers ¨ Network Computer – Simplified Desktop Computer Stores Minimum Data to Function

Sharing Computers ¨ Network Computer – Simplified Desktop Computer Stores Minimum Data to Function (Uses Server) ¨ Peer-to-Peer Computing – Networked Computers Share Data, Disk Space, Processing. Parallel Processing on a Smaller Scale 31

Managing Hardware Assets ¨ Understand Technology Requirements ¨ Determine Total Cost Of Ownership –

Managing Hardware Assets ¨ Understand Technology Requirements ¨ Determine Total Cost Of Ownership – Hardware, Software, Installation, Training, Support, Maintenance, Infrastructure ¨ Plan Capacity & Scalability ¨ Identify Trends 32

Computer Software

Computer Software

Software ¨ Detailed Instructions To Control Computer Operation ¨ Program – Set Of Instructions

Software ¨ Detailed Instructions To Control Computer Operation ¨ Program – Set Of Instructions To The Computer ¨ Stored – Program Must Be In Primary Storage ¨ System Software – Manages Computer Resources ¨ Application Software – Specific Business Application 34

Software Application Software System Software Hardware Operating System: • Scheduled Computer Events • Allocates

Software Application Software System Software Hardware Operating System: • Scheduled Computer Events • Allocates Computer Resources Monitors Events Language Translators: • Interpreters • Compilers Utility Programs: • Routine Operations Manage Data Programming Languages: Assembly Language; Fortran; Cobol; Pl / 1; QBasic; Pascal; C; C++; Fourth Generation Languages 35

Language Translation ¨ Source Code – High-level Language Instructions ¨ Compiler – Translates High-level

Language Translation ¨ Source Code – High-level Language Instructions ¨ Compiler – Translates High-level Code Into Machine Language ¨ Object Code – Translated Instructions Ready For Computer 36

Graphical User Interface (GUI) ¨ Operating System Uses ¨ Graphic Icons – Icons, Buttons,

Graphical User Interface (GUI) ¨ Operating System Uses ¨ Graphic Icons – Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes ¨ Pointer – Mouse, Pen, Touch Screen ¨ To Issue Commands ¨ Make Selections 37

Microcomputer Operating Systems Operating System Windows 98 & 95 32 -bit operating system, GUI,

Microcomputer Operating Systems Operating System Windows 98 & 95 32 -bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking Windows NT Me & 2000 32 -bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking Windows CE Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices OS/2 38 Features 32 -bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, networking

Microcomputer Operating Systems Operating System Unix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing,

Microcomputer Operating Systems Operating System Unix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source Mac OS DOS 39 Features For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640 K

Generations Of Programming Languages ¨ 1 st. Since 1940 s. Machine Language: Binary Code

Generations Of Programming Languages ¨ 1 st. Since 1940 s. Machine Language: Binary Code ¨ 2 nd. Since Early ’ 50 s. Assembly Language: Mnemonics for Numeric Code ¨ 3 rd. Since Mid ‘ 50 s. High-level Languages ¨ 4 th. Since Late ‘ 70 s. Modern Application Packages 40

High-Level Languages ¨ FORTRAN (Formula Translator): Scientific, Engineering Applications ¨ COBOL (Common Business Oriented

High-Level Languages ¨ FORTRAN (Formula Translator): Scientific, Engineering Applications ¨ COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language): Predominant for Transaction Processing ¨ BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General Purpose PC Language 41

High-level Languages ¨ PASCAL: Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling,

High-level Languages ¨ PASCAL: Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / Output ¨ C and C++: Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross Platform. C++ Is Object Oriented 42

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Can Be Employed By End Users ¨ Nonprocedural

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Can Be Employed By End Users ¨ Nonprocedural ¨ Can Develop Applications Quickly ¨ Natural Languages ¨ Six Categories 43

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Query Languages: – Rapidly Retrieve Data – Interactive/

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Query Languages: – Rapidly Retrieve Data – Interactive/ On-line – May Use NATURAL LANGUAGE – Support Special Requests for Data From Relational Databases 44

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Report Generators: – Create Customized Reports – Wide

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Report Generators: – Create Customized Reports – Wide Range of Formats ¨ Graphics Languages: – Can Manipulate Drawings, Graphs, Photos, Videos – Presentation Managers 45

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Application Generators – User Specifies Computer Needs –

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Application Generators – User Specifies Computer Needs – Generator Creates Logic and Code for Application – Greatly Reduces Development Time ¨ Very High-level Programming Languages – Professional Programmer Productivity Tool – Uses Fewer Instructions – Reduces Development Time 46

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Software Package: Commercially Available Set of Programs. –

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Software Package: Commercially Available Set of Programs. – Word Processing – Spreadsheets – Data Management – Presentation Management ¨ Integrated Software Package Now Combine These To Simplify Learning And Use 47

Software Tools ¨ Word Processing ¨ Spreadsheets ¨ Data Management ¨ Presentation Graphics ¨

Software Tools ¨ Word Processing ¨ Spreadsheets ¨ Data Management ¨ Presentation Graphics ¨ Integrated Software Suites ¨ E-mail ¨ Web Browsers ¨ Groupware 48