Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Components CPU Input
- Slides: 48
Computer Hardware Computer Software
Computer Components CPU Input Devices Secondary Storage Buses Output Devices Communications Devices Primary Storage 2
How Computers Represent Data ¨ Bit – Binary Digit. On/off, 0/1, Magnetic/not ¨ Byte – Group of Bits for One Character • EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 Bits Per Byte) • ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 Bits Per Byte) ¨ Parity Bit – Extra Bit Added to Each Byte to Help Detect Errors 3
Examples Of Bytes EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) C: 1100 0011 0 A: 1100 0001 1 T: 1110 0011 1 100 0001 0 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number 4
CPU - Central Processing Unit ¨ It is the Heart of the Computer. ¨ A Collection Of Electronic Circuits. ¨ Electronic Impulses Enter The CPU From An Input Device. ¨ These Impulses Are Sent Under Program Control Through Circuits To Create A Series Of New Impulses. ¨ A Set Of Impulses Leaves The CPU For The Output Device. 5
Two CPU Sections ¨ Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) - Performs Arithmetic And Logical Operations On Data. – – Arithmetic Operations: + - * / Logical Operations: Comparing Data ¨ Control Unit - Section Of The CPU That Directs The Flow Of Electronic Traffic Between: – – 6 Memory And The ALU CPU and Input And Output Devices
Memory ¨ Primary (Internal) Storage Holds: – Programs And Data Passed To The Computer For Processing – Intermediate Processing Results – Output That Is Ready To Be Transmitted To Secondary Storage Or To An Output Device. Eg: RAM 7
Memory Address ¨ Once Programs, Data, Intermediate Results, And Output Are Stored In Memory, The CPU Must Be Able To Find Them Again. ¨ Each Location In Memory Has An Address. 8
Memory Size ¨ Kilobyte (KB): 210 Bytes. . . 1024 Bytes ¨ Megabyte (MB): 210 KB. . . “Million” Bytes ¨ Gigabyte (GB): 210 MB. . . “Billion” Bytes ¨ Terabyte (TB): 210 GB. . . “Trillion” Bytes 9
Registers ¨ A High Speed Staging Area Within The Computer That Temporarily Stores Data During Processing. ¨ These Areas Called Registers. ¨ Part Of The CPU 10
Four Types Of Registers ¨ Instruction ¨ Holds The Part Of The Instruction ¨ Address ¨ Contains The Memory Location ¨ Storage ¨ Prior To Processing, The Register Indicating What The Computer Is To Do Next. Of Data To Be Used. That Temporarily Stores Data That Have Been Retrieved From Memory. ¨ Accumulator ¨ Stores The Result Of An Arithmetic Or Logical Operator. 11
Types Of Memory ¨ RAM : Random Access Memory – Dynamic: Changes Thru Processing – Static: Remains Constant (Power On) ¨ ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) – PROM: Program Can Be Changed Once – EPROM: Erasable Thru Ultraviolet Light – EEPROM: Electrically Erasable 12
How Devices Are Linked I/O Devices CPU RAM ROM Add-In Boards BUS Ports I/O Devices 13 BUS allows CPU to communicate with RAM, ROM, and peripheral devices connected through either boards or ports.
Secondary Storage ¨ Disk ¨ Tape ¨ Optical Storage 14
Optical Storage ¨ CD-ROM: 500 -660 MEGABYTES – LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light – PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light ¨ WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): – CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable – CD-RW: CD - Rewritable ¨ DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data 15
Input/Output Devices ¨ Pointing Devices ¨ Source Data Automation ¨ Output Devices 16
Pointing Devices ¨ Keyboard ¨ Mouse – Wired – Infra-red – Trackball – Touch Pad ¨ Joystick ¨ Touch Screen 17
Source Data Automation ¨ Captures Data In Computer Form At Time & Place Of Transaction ¨ Barcode – Identifies Products in Stores, Warehouses, Shipments ¨ Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) – Special Ink Identifies Bank, Account, Amount 18
Source Data Automation ¨ Pen-Based Input – Digitizes Signature ¨ Digital Scanner – Translates Images & Characters Into Digital Form ¨ Voice Input Devices – Converts Spoken Word Into Digital Form ¨ Sensors – Devices That Collect Data From Environment for Computer Input (E. G. , Thermometers, Pressure Gauges) 19
Output Devices ¨ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) ¨ Printer ¨ Plotter ¨ Voice Output Device 20
Data Processing ¨ Batch Processing – Transaction Data Stored Until Convenient to Process As a Group. Useful for Less Timesensitive Actions. ¨ On-line Processing – Transaction Data Entered Directly Into System, Constantly Updating Files. Requires Direct-access Devices. 21
Categories Of Computers ¨ Supercomputer ¨ Mainframe ¨ Midrange & Minicomputer ¨ Server ¨ Personal Computer (PC) ¨ Workstation 22
Supercomputer ¨ Highly Sophisticated ¨ Complex Computations ¨ FASTEST CPUs ¨ Large Simulations ¨ State-of-the-art Components ¨ Expensive 23
Mainframe ¨ Largest Enterprise Computer ¨ 50 Megabytes to Over One Gigabyte RAM ¨ Commercial, Scientific, Military Applications ¨ Massive Data ¨ Complicated Computations 24
Midrange/Minicomputer ¨ Middle-Range ¨ 10 Megabytes To Over One Gigabyte RAM ¨ Universities, Factories, Labs ¨ Used As Front-End Processor For Mainframe 25
Client / Server ¨ Networked Computers ¨ Client – User (PC, Workstation, Laptop) Requires Data, Application, Communications It Does Not Have ¨ Server – Component (Computer) Having Desired Data, Application, Communications 26
Client / Server Client Requests Server Data, Service 27 User Interface Data Application Function Network Resources
Microcomputer ¨ Desktop or Portable ¨ 64 Kilobytes to Over 128 Megabytes RAM ¨ Personal or Business Computers ¨ Affordable ¨ Many Available Components ¨ Can Be Networked 28
Workstation ¨ Desktop Computer ¨ Powerful Graphics ¨ Extensive Math Capabilities ¨ Multi-tasking ¨ Usually Configured To Special Function: e. g. ; CAD, Engineering, Graphics 29
Centralized / Distributed ¨ Centralized – Processing By Central Computer Site • One Standard • Greater Control ¨ Distributed – Processing By Several Computer Sites Linked By Networks • More Flexibility • Faster Response 30
Sharing Computers ¨ Network Computer – Simplified Desktop Computer Stores Minimum Data to Function (Uses Server) ¨ Peer-to-Peer Computing – Networked Computers Share Data, Disk Space, Processing. Parallel Processing on a Smaller Scale 31
Managing Hardware Assets ¨ Understand Technology Requirements ¨ Determine Total Cost Of Ownership – Hardware, Software, Installation, Training, Support, Maintenance, Infrastructure ¨ Plan Capacity & Scalability ¨ Identify Trends 32
Computer Software
Software ¨ Detailed Instructions To Control Computer Operation ¨ Program – Set Of Instructions To The Computer ¨ Stored – Program Must Be In Primary Storage ¨ System Software – Manages Computer Resources ¨ Application Software – Specific Business Application 34
Software Application Software System Software Hardware Operating System: • Scheduled Computer Events • Allocates Computer Resources Monitors Events Language Translators: • Interpreters • Compilers Utility Programs: • Routine Operations Manage Data Programming Languages: Assembly Language; Fortran; Cobol; Pl / 1; QBasic; Pascal; C; C++; Fourth Generation Languages 35
Language Translation ¨ Source Code – High-level Language Instructions ¨ Compiler – Translates High-level Code Into Machine Language ¨ Object Code – Translated Instructions Ready For Computer 36
Graphical User Interface (GUI) ¨ Operating System Uses ¨ Graphic Icons – Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes ¨ Pointer – Mouse, Pen, Touch Screen ¨ To Issue Commands ¨ Make Selections 37
Microcomputer Operating Systems Operating System Windows 98 & 95 32 -bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking Windows NT Me & 2000 32 -bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking Windows CE Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices OS/2 38 Features 32 -bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, networking
Microcomputer Operating Systems Operating System Unix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source Mac OS DOS 39 Features For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640 K
Generations Of Programming Languages ¨ 1 st. Since 1940 s. Machine Language: Binary Code ¨ 2 nd. Since Early ’ 50 s. Assembly Language: Mnemonics for Numeric Code ¨ 3 rd. Since Mid ‘ 50 s. High-level Languages ¨ 4 th. Since Late ‘ 70 s. Modern Application Packages 40
High-Level Languages ¨ FORTRAN (Formula Translator): Scientific, Engineering Applications ¨ COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language): Predominant for Transaction Processing ¨ BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General Purpose PC Language 41
High-level Languages ¨ PASCAL: Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / Output ¨ C and C++: Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross Platform. C++ Is Object Oriented 42
Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Can Be Employed By End Users ¨ Nonprocedural ¨ Can Develop Applications Quickly ¨ Natural Languages ¨ Six Categories 43
Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Query Languages: – Rapidly Retrieve Data – Interactive/ On-line – May Use NATURAL LANGUAGE – Support Special Requests for Data From Relational Databases 44
Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Report Generators: – Create Customized Reports – Wide Range of Formats ¨ Graphics Languages: – Can Manipulate Drawings, Graphs, Photos, Videos – Presentation Managers 45
Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Application Generators – User Specifies Computer Needs – Generator Creates Logic and Code for Application – Greatly Reduces Development Time ¨ Very High-level Programming Languages – Professional Programmer Productivity Tool – Uses Fewer Instructions – Reduces Development Time 46
Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) ¨ Software Package: Commercially Available Set of Programs. – Word Processing – Spreadsheets – Data Management – Presentation Management ¨ Integrated Software Package Now Combine These To Simplify Learning And Use 47
Software Tools ¨ Word Processing ¨ Spreadsheets ¨ Data Management ¨ Presentation Graphics ¨ Integrated Software Suites ¨ E-mail ¨ Web Browsers ¨ Groupware 48
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