Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Computer Architecture Computer Circuits

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Computer Engineering

Computer Engineering

Computer Engineering • • • Computer Architecture Computer Circuits Computer Systems System Software Networks

Computer Engineering • • • Computer Architecture Computer Circuits Computer Systems System Software Networks Digital & Analog Systems

CE - A student perspective • Undergraduate program – both ECE and So. C

CE - A student perspective • Undergraduate program – both ECE and So. C – some required courses, some electives, & a senior project or thesis • details http: //www. ce. utah. edu • numerous faculty involved in CE research – check the ECE & So. C web pages to explore further • Graduate programs – both MS and Ph. D. offered separately by ECE and So. C – combined BS/MS also offered by both ECE and So. C

www. ce. utah. edu

www. ce. utah. edu

Computer Engineering Curriculum • Design and build computer systems – software and hardware design

Computer Engineering Curriculum • Design and build computer systems – software and hardware design skills • System software – compiler, operating system, software engineering, … – … as opposed to application software • Hardware – Basic circuit design and testing – VLSI chip design: analog and digital • Courses exist to get you started in all of these areas – context can be either embedded or high performance systems – electives can tilt your classes towards HW or SW

 • • • Required Courses – Premajor Courses ECE 1900 Freshman Seminar ECE

• • • Required Courses – Premajor Courses ECE 1900 Freshman Seminar ECE 1250 Electrical and Computer Engineering Design CS 1410/2420 Intro to Computer Science I and II Math 1210/1220 Calculus I and II Physics 2210 Physics for Scientists and Engineers I Writing 2010 Academic Writing and Research www. ce. utah. edu

 • • • Required Courses – For CE Majors ECE 2240 Intro to

• • • Required Courses – For CE Majors ECE 2240 Intro to Electric Circuits ECE 2280 Electronics CS 3500 Software Practice CS/ECE 3700 Fundamentals of Digital System Design CS/ECE 3710 Computer Design Laboratory CS/ECE 3810 Computer Organization CS/ECE 3991 Junior Seminar CS 4400 Computer Systems CS/ECE 5780 Embedded Systems Plus six technical electives Plus senior project of some sort: – Senior Project (3992/4710) – Senior Thesis (3992/4991/4992) – ECE Clinic (3992/4900/4910) www. ce. utah. edu

 • • • Required Courses – For CE Majors ECE 2240 Intro to

• • • Required Courses – For CE Majors ECE 2240 Intro to Electric Circuits ECE 2280 Electronics CS 3500 Software Practice CS/ECE 3700 Fundamentals of Digital System Design CS/ECE 3710 Computer Design Laboratory CS/ECE 3810 Computer Organization CS/ECE 3991 Junior Seminar CS 4400 Computer Systems CS/ECE 5780 Embedded Systems Plus six technical electives Plus senior project of some sort: – Senior Project (3992/4710) – Senior Thesis (3992/4991/4992) – ECE Clinic (3992/4900/4910) www. ce. utah. edu

CS/ECE 3710: Computer Design Lab • Taught in Fall semester, 3 credits • Prereqs:

CS/ECE 3710: Computer Design Lab • Taught in Fall semester, 3 credits • Prereqs: CS/EE 3700, CS/EE 3810 – Student groups design, build, and test their own computer system on an FPGA – Typically a 16 bit processor designed using schematics, Verilog, and Xilinx-based prototyping boards • i. e. completely student-designed from the gates up to the software – Bread and butter for a Computer Engineer!

3710: Xilinx Spartan 3 -based Boards • 500 k-gate Spartan FPGA • 360 Kbits

3710: Xilinx Spartan 3 -based Boards • 500 k-gate Spartan FPGA • 360 Kbits RAM • 20 18 x 18 multipliers • 16 -char, 2 -line LCD • 256 Mbit SDRAM • Connectors for VGA, PS/2, RS 232, Watch for the CS/ECE 3710 demo day Thursday December 9, 3: 40 -5: 00 pm in MEB 3133

CE and Sustainability • Power is a major issue in computer design – High

CE and Sustainability • Power is a major issue in computer design – High performance chips need a lot of power – Power and heat are intimately related – High performance computing takes a lot of chips – The amount of electricity used for the world’s computers is pretty amazing. . . – Think before you Google?

Heat Dissipation • 100 W light bulb has surface area of 120 cm 2

Heat Dissipation • 100 W light bulb has surface area of 120 cm 2 • Core 2 Duo dissipates 75 W over ~1. 4 cm 2 • Core i 7 Extreme is 130 W over ~1. 5 cm 2 • Nvidia GTX 480 - 250 W over ~1. 5 cm 2 (~105° C) – Chips have enormous power densities – Cooling is a serious challenge • Package spreads heat to larger surface area – Heat sinks may increase surface area further – Fans increase airflow rate over surface area – Liquid cooling used in extreme cases ($$$)

Chip Power Density Fortunately technology advances have avoided the red squares

Chip Power Density Fortunately technology advances have avoided the red squares

Alternative View of “Computing Power” Old News! Courtesy Avi Mendelson, Intel.

Alternative View of “Computing Power” Old News! Courtesy Avi Mendelson, Intel.

Alternative View of “Computing Power” Slightly less old news…

Alternative View of “Computing Power” Slightly less old news…

Alternative View of “Computing Power” MW 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 Series 1

Alternative View of “Computing Power” MW 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 Series 1 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Total power used by the world’s CPUs

Alternative View of “Computing Power” Total power used by the world’s CPUs? MW 100000

Alternative View of “Computing Power” Total power used by the world’s CPUs? MW 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 Series 1 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

The Changing Face of Computing • User information appliances are increasingly mobile – –

The Changing Face of Computing • User information appliances are increasingly mobile – – i. Pad, i. Phone, i. Whatever PC sales grew 2. 5% last year netbook sales grew 79% i. Whatever sales growth > 60% (depending on market segment) • The “real” computing is moving to the data center – Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Facebook, My. Space, You. Tube, cloud computing, data warehousing, etc.

Consider. . . • June 2009 – Random sample showed 66, 000 online players

Consider. . . • June 2009 – Random sample showed 66, 000 online players on Call of Duty Xbox live – Equivalent to the entire city of Muncie Indiana. . . NYT Magazine, June 2009 • What do big data centers look. Source: like? Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Facebook, etc. . . Thousands and Thousands of servers! 365/24 Total cost in US alone in 2006 just for electricity (not equipment) was around $4. 5 Billion – ~2% of total electricity usage in the US – AND, that’s old news! (2006) – – Source: Energy. Star Report to Congress, 2007

Data Center Pollution • Base Power (per data center) – 100 Megawatts just for

Data Center Pollution • Base Power (per data center) – 100 Megawatts just for the compute & storage servers – an additional 20 – 100 Megawatts for the cooling – ~1, 000 ft 2 • 24/7 Operation – UPS requirements – old: 1000’s of lead acid batteries, backup generators, and 100, 000 gallons of diesel fuel on hand – new: flywheels and instant on generators • Greenhouse gas impact can’t be ignored

Old Data Centers • Racks of machines on raised flooring • Cool air flowing

Old Data Centers • Racks of machines on raised flooring • Cool air flowing up through the floor and out the ceiling

Original Google Server c 1990?

Original Google Server c 1990?

Google: First Production Server There were 30 of these in their first data center

Google: First Production Server There were 30 of these in their first data center in 1999

Old Data Center: Good

Old Data Center: Good

Old Data Center: Bad

Old Data Center: Bad

Today’s Data Centers • 50 K+ cores already in play • rows of racks

Today’s Data Centers • 50 K+ cores already in play • rows of racks • cold and hot aisles (heat is a huge issue) – front side cold, back side hot • Communication distances in the data center • mm+ to 100+ m: between components on a board, intra-rack, or inter-rack

More recent data centers An overhead view of a Quality Technology Services data center

More recent data centers An overhead view of a Quality Technology Services data center in the Atlanta area.

Containerized Data Centers: Google - Servers are crammed into standard 35 ft cargo containers

Containerized Data Centers: Google - Servers are crammed into standard 35 ft cargo containers - Each container has power (up to 250 KWatts), networking, cooling, and over 1000 servers - Self-contained and stackable. . .

Container-Style Data Centers

Container-Style Data Centers

Container-Style Data Centers One Google data center might have 45 containers That’s over 60,

Container-Style Data Centers One Google data center might have 45 containers That’s over 60, 000 servers, and power in megawatts!

Lots of Data Centers!

Lots of Data Centers!

Sustainability? • Data centers are multiplying! • Starting to consume a noticeable fraction of

Sustainability? • Data centers are multiplying! • Starting to consume a noticeable fraction of the world’s total electricity output! – Are Facebook and Twitter worth the energy? – Is this growth in power and resources used for computing sustainable? – Does You. Tube give back value to offset the carbon costs of downloading all those videos? • It’s a personal choice – everything we do has an impact – it’s not just about technology

Sustainability? • On the other hand. . . – Each Google search “costs” roughly

Sustainability? • On the other hand. . . – Each Google search “costs” roughly 0. 2 g of CO 2 – In the time it takes you to do one Google search, your own computer uses more energy than Google does answering your query. • How can this be true? Source: http: //www. google. com/corporate/green/datacenters/

Sustainability? • No easy answers! – Lots of intertwined issues… • Lots of research

Sustainability? • No easy answers! – Lots of intertwined issues… • Lots of research by Computer Engineering faculty that addresses issues of power use in computers – – Architecture, circuits, software, photonics, etc. All apply to future data center efficiency gains you can be part of that future both by education and your choice of actions

Summary • Exciting Opportunities in Computer Engineering – – Challenging Curriculum Science, Engineering and

Summary • Exciting Opportunities in Computer Engineering – – Challenging Curriculum Science, Engineering and Math plus Creativity Financial Rewards Job Satisfaction • Help Solve some of the World’s Grand Challenges – – – Energy Environment Safety Productivity Communications