Computer Architecture CSCE 106 Outline Computer hardware section

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Computer Architecture CSCE 106

Computer Architecture CSCE 106

Outline Computer hardware {section 1. 2} u Memory u Central Processing Unit (CPU) u

Outline Computer hardware {section 1. 2} u Memory u Central Processing Unit (CPU) u Input devices u Output devices u Network connections n Computer software {section 1. 3} u System u Application n CSCE 106 2

Memory n Memory is an essential component in any computer. n There are two

Memory n Memory is an essential component in any computer. n There are two types of memory: u main/primary memory, and u secondary memory (mass storage). CSCE 106 3

Main Memory n Stores information being processed by the CPU. n There are two

Main Memory n Stores information being processed by the CPU. n There are two types of main memory, RAM & ROM. RAM – Random Access Memory: the part of main memory that temporarily stores programs, data and results. It is volatile. u ROM – Read Only Memory: the part of main memory that permanently stores programs or data necessary for booting the computer. u CSCE 106 4

Secondary Memory Semi permanent data-storage capability u Magnetic • Tape • Floppy disk •

Secondary Memory Semi permanent data-storage capability u Magnetic • Tape • Floppy disk • Hard disk u Non-magnetic • CD-ROM or DVD • Memory stick/flash memory (USB drives) n Secondary memory usually has much more storage capacity than main memory. n CSCE 106 5

Anatomy of Memory n n The computer memory could be visualized as a sequence

Anatomy of Memory n n The computer memory could be visualized as a sequence of storage locations called memory cells. Each memory cell has a unique address, so as to be able to store and retrieve information in the memory. Storing a value in memory destroys the previous contents. Retrieving a value from memory copies the content to another storage area for processing. Address Contents 0 -27. 2 1 354 2 H 3. . . 1024 CSCE 106 ADD 7. . . 75. 62 6

Anatomy of Memory (cont’d) n The smallest memory unit to represent a 1 or

Anatomy of Memory (cont’d) n The smallest memory unit to represent a 1 or 0 is called bit (binary digit). n 8 bits make a byte, which is the place required to store a single character. CSCE 106 7

CPU “Brain” of the computer, where decisions are made, computations are performed, and input/output

CPU “Brain” of the computer, where decisions are made, computations are performed, and input/output requests are delegated. n CPU contains: n u u u CSCE 106 Arithmetic/Logic Unit - carries out all arithmetic and logical operations. Control unit - decodes and executes instructions. Registers - hold information and instructions for CPU to process. 8

CPU (cont’d) CSCE 106 9

CPU (cont’d) CSCE 106 9

Input & Output Devices n n Input devices are accessories that allow people to

Input & Output Devices n n Input devices are accessories that allow people to supply information to computers. Common input devices: u Keyboard u Joystick u Scanner Output devices are accessories that allow people to receive information from computers. Common output devices: u Printer u Monitor u Speaker CSCE 106 10

Basic Functional Components (1) CSCE 106 11

Basic Functional Components (1) CSCE 106 11

Basic Functional Components (2) CSCE 106 12

Basic Functional Components (2) CSCE 106 12

The Bus CSCE 106 13

The Bus CSCE 106 13

Computer Networks Allow multiple computers to connect together to share resources and/or data. n

Computer Networks Allow multiple computers to connect together to share resources and/or data. n LAN - Local area network u Organizational n WAN - Wide area network u Internet n Requires additional hardware u Modems u Ethernet interface n CSCE 106 14

World Wide Web Most popular feature on the Internet; introduced in 1989 n A

World Wide Web Most popular feature on the Internet; introduced in 1989 n A collection of interconnected documents that may be accessed from any computer n Navigation needs a Web browser u A program with a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays the text and graphics in a Web document and activates the hyperlinks to other documents. u Examples: Netscape and IE n CSCE 106 15

Computer Hardware Components CSCE 106 16

Computer Hardware Components CSCE 106 16

Computer Hardware Components Source: Gaddis T. Starting Out With Games and Graphics in C++.

Computer Hardware Components Source: Gaddis T. Starting Out With Games and Graphics in C++. Addison Wesley, 2010. CSCE 106 17

Computer Software System software u Programs that support the execution and development of other

Computer Software System software u Programs that support the execution and development of other programs. u Major types: • Operating systems • Utilities • Translation systems n Application software u Programs designed to perform specific tasks to the user. n CSCE 106 18

Operating System n n Controls and manages the computing resources. It controls: u the

Operating System n n Controls and manages the computing resources. It controls: u the interaction of system with the user, and u the hardware interactions. Important services that an operating system (OS) provides are: u File system. u Commands that allow for manipulation of the file system. u Ability to perform input and output on a variety of devices. u Management of the running systems. Part of the OS (required to boot the system) is usually stored on ROM, and the rest on hard drive. Examples: u MSDOS ®, Windows ®, Unix ® CSCE 106 19

Application Software n Application software is the software that has made using computers indispensable

Application Software n Application software is the software that has made using computers indispensable and popular. n Common application software: u Word processors u Desktop publishing programs u Spreadsheets u Presentation managers u Drawing programs CSCE 106 20