Compounding Words Prepared by Sameeha Elwan The components

Compounding Words Prepared by: Sameeha Elwan

The components of Compounding words: The component of Compounding words in English The First Element: 1. Noun, 2. Pronoun 3. an adjective 4. a verb The Second element: 1. Noun 2. a pronoun 3. a verb 4. an adverb

To combine between such two elements, we have to take in consideration the relationship: § Syntactic relationship: like part of speech, coordination, verb and object, qualifier and noun, adverb and noun , denoting the subject or the object. § Semantic relationship: denoting place or time, purpose, means or instrument, resemblance, and sex.

Types of Compounds Endocentric Exocentric The meaning of the compound is classified according to the meaning of its components Example: dog food is a type of food. The meaning of the compound doesn't result from its component Example: Read head is a person with red head, not a type of head.

Compounds formation Types of Compound nouns: § § § Solid or Closed form: consists of monosyllabic units. Examples: lawsuit, wallpaper, makeup. Hyphenated form: two or more units are combined by hyphens. Examples: good-for-nothing, salt-and-pepper. Opened or Spaced form: long words such as : distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.

Analyzability: ( Transparency): § The meaning of the compound can be analyzed in different ways: 1. The relationship is attributive. The meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of the head. The modifier limits the meaning. (endocentric compounds) Example: black board. 2. The relationships are expressed by prepositions, there is no obvious semantic head. (exocentric compounds) Examples: Footstool, armchair, office manager. 3. The meaning could be a generalization when the meaning could be induced from both units. Example: fighter bomber: it is an aircraft which is both fighter and bomber.

Compound Adjectives: It is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes where the left-hand morpheme narrows or changes the modification of the right hand one. Types of Compound adjectives § Solid modifiers: § § § Overtime usage: earsplitting, eyecatching , downtown. Number with fold as a suffix: sixfold, fifteenfold. Points of compass: northwest, northwester

Adjective preceding a noun Round-table Blue-sky Verb preceding an adjective or adverb Feel-good factor Compound adjectives with high and low High-level discussion Hyphenated Compound Numbers spelled out or as numerous 30 -piece band Seven- year boy Verb preceding a prepositions Stick-on label Stand-by fare adjectives A noun, adjective, or adverb preceding a present participle A long-lasting affair An adjective proceeding a noun to which (ed) is added Middle-aged lady

Compound Verbs § It is usually composed of a modifier and a verb. The modifier is usually a preposition but it can be an adverb, an adjective, a noun § Examples: Overrate, downsize, whitewash, browbeat.

Phrasal verbs: They are a combination of verb and prepositions. A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic, figurative or even metaphorical context. The meaning of each word cannot be determined separately. Examples: Give in, find out, look after, blame on, serve as, look up to, etc.

Compounding in Arabic: Categories of Compounds In Arabic Construct state ﺍﻻﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ (possessive or genitive relationship ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ earth worm ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ doomsday Fusional compounds ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺟﻲ Ex. ﺑﻴﺖ ﻟﺤﻢ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ unknown relation Predicative Compound ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﺄﺒﻂ ﺷﺮﺍ Relation based on prediction Limited

Compound Nouns: § The structure (N+ Adj. ): the read sea ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺮ § A different syntactic structure: ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ § Arabic possessive or Genitive structure: ﻋﺎﺑﺮ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ، ﻃﻠﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ

Compound Adjective 1. Single-word adjectives: Trustworthy ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ 2. Adj. + Adj. : bitter sweet ﻣﺮ ﺣﻠﻮ dark blue ﺍﺯﺭﻕ ﻏﺎﻣﻖ 3. Simile: red-hot ﺣﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺠﻤﺮ blood-red ﺍﺣﻤﺮ ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻡ 4. N+ Adj. : usually employing a prep. Sea-sick ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ blood thirsty ﻣﺘﻌﻄﺶ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎﺀ 5. Adv+ Adj. are rendered by possessive: Ever green ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺓ ever-ripe ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺓ

Compound Verbs: