Composition Two kidneyform urine Two ureter conduct urine

Composition • 肾Two kidney－form urine • 输尿管Two ureter－ conduct urine from kidneys to bladder • 膀胱Bladder－receives and stores urine • 尿道Urethra－conducts urine from bladder to exterior of body (discharged)

肾Kidney General features • Bean shaped, reddish-brown organs-上下两端、前后两 面和内外侧两缘 • Superior extremity－broad and thin • Inferior extremity－narrow and thick • Anterior surface－convex • Posterior surface－flat • Lateral border－convex

• Medial border－concave – Renal hilum 肾门－a vertical slit on the medial border of kidney, the structures which enter and leave the renal hilum is called renal pedicle肾蒂, including the renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels and nerves – Order of structures in the renal pedicle from anterior to posterior－V. A. P. ; from superior to inferior－ A. V. P.

– Renal sinus 肾窦 －which is the renal hilum leads into a space within the kidney, the renal sinus is occupied by the renal vessels, minor renal calices, major renal calices, renal pelvis and some adipose tissue

Structure of the kidney • Renal cortex 肾皮质 – renal columns 肾柱 • Renal medulla 肾髓质 – Renal pyramids 肾锥体: 15～ 20 – Renal papilla 肾乳头 – Papillary foramina 乳头孔 • Minor renal calices 肾小盏 (7 －8) • Major real calices 肾大盏 (2～ 3) • Renal pelvis 肾盂

被膜Coverings • Fibrous capsule 纤 维囊 －a strong fibrous capsule which strips easily from a normal kidney surface but adheres firmly to an organ that has been inflamed

• Fatty renal capsule 脂肪囊 －a thick adipose connective tissue capsule, surrounds the fibrous capsule. It acts as a shock absorber to protect the kidney from jolting and jarring • Renal fascia 肾筋膜－on outside, surrounds both the kidney and suprarenal gland, holding these organs in place

位置Position • Lie behind peritoneum one on each side of the vertebral column high up on the post abdominal wall, upper pole nearer to media plan than lower pole

• • Left kidney lies at the level from the lower border of T 11 to L 2; the 12 th rib is behind its middle part of the post surface Right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney, at the level from the upper border of T 12 to L 3; the 12 th rib is behind its upper part of the post surface 肾门Renal hilum at the level of L 1, is about 5 cm from the posterior median line 肾区Renal region－the area between 12 th rib and the lateral margin of erector spinae

肾的毗邻Relationships of kidneys • Superiorly－suprarenal gland • Posteriorly – Three muscles • Diaphragm (pleural cavity), • Psoas major • Quadratus lumborum – Three nerves • Subcostal • Iliohypogastric • Ilioinguinal • Medial – Left kidney－abdominal aorta – Right kidney－inferior ceva vana

• Anteriorly – Left kidney • Stomach (superior), • Pancreas (middle), • Loops of intestine and left colic flexure (inferiorly) – Right kidney • Right lobe of liver (superior) • Right colic flexure (inferior) • Descending part of duodenum (medially)

Renal segments • The kidney is divided into five vascular segments and each is supplied by a branch of the renal artery; between the segments there is no anastomosis. • The segments are – Superior segment – Superior anterior segment – Inferior segment – Posterior segment