Composition n n Respiratory tract q Nose q

Composition n n 呼吸道Respiratory tract q Nose q Pharynx upper respiratory tract q Larynx q Trachea lower respiratory tract q Bronchi 肺Lungs-paired organs of respiration Function: supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

鼻 Nose

鼻 Nose External nose: n Root of nose n Back of nose n Apex of nose n Alae of nasi Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum

Two parts: Divided by鼻阈 limen nasi n Nasal vestibule n Proper nasal cavity Boundaries of proper nasal cavity n n Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid Floor－hard palate Medial wall－nasal septum Lateral wall q Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior q Nasal meatus: superor, middle and inferior q Sphenoethmoidal recess

Remove the middle nasal conchae n 半月裂孔Semilunar hiatus n 筛漏斗Ethmoidal infundibulum n 筛泡Ethmoidal bulla

Mucous membrane of nose n 嗅区Olfactory region: located upper nasal cavity, above superior， n nasal conchae，contains olfactory cells 呼吸区Respiratory region : its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air

鼻旁窦The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose Name of sinus Site of drainage Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoidal sinuses anterior group middle group posterior group Middle meatus Superior nasal meatus

Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoid sinus

喉The Larynx Position－situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C 3 to C 6

喉软骨Layngeal cartilages 甲状软骨Thyroid cartilage Shield-shaped cartilage n Laryngeal prominence at base of thyroid notch n Superior thyroid notch, superior and inferior cornua 环状软骨Cricoid cartilage n Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet ring) n Arch of cricoid cartilage－at level of C 6 n Lamina of cricoid cartilage n

杓状软骨Arytenoid Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage n Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold n Muscular process 会厌软骨Epiglottic cartilage leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue n

喉的关节Laryngeal joints n 环甲关节cricothyroid joint n 环杓关节cricoarytenoid joint 喉韧带和膜Laryngeal ligaments and membrane n 甲状舌骨膜Thyroid membrane －extending from hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage

n n n 方形膜Quadrangular membrane q Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages q Lower free border forms前庭韧带 vestibular ligament 弹性圆锥Conus elasticus q Between thyroid, arytenoids, and cricoid cartilages q Upper free border forms声韧带vocal ligament q Median cricothyroid ligment 环甲正 中韧带：may be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction 环状软骨气管韧带Cricotracheal ligament －between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea

喉肌Muscles of larynx n n Increasing tension on the vocal ligament－环甲肌cricothyroid Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament－甲杓肌 thyroarytenoid Opening the glottis－环杓后肌posterior cricoarytenoid Closing the glottis－ 杓肌cricoarytenoid

喉腔Laryngeal cavity Aperture of larynx 喉口－bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

Structure features n Two pairs of shelf like folds : q q n Vestibular folds 前庭襞 Vocal folds 声襞 Two fissures q q Rima vestibuli 前庭裂 Fissure of glottis 声门裂 n n Inter membranous part膜间部 －anterior 3/5, between vocalfolds Inter cartilagrnous part 软骨间部 －posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages

Three parts n Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭 Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli q Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节 Intermedial cavity of larynx喉 中间腔 q Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis q Ventricle of larynx 喉室 －a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔 q extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage q n n

n n 气管The Trachea Position: extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T 4－T 5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi Structure features q q Consists of about 14－17 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency connected by smooth muscle and connective 气管隆嵴Carina of trachea － ridge of cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi