Components Receivers and Instrumentation for GroundBased mmsubmm Astronomy

Components, Receivers, and Instrumentation for Ground-Based mm/submm Astronomy B. Lazareff, G. Butin, M. Carter, J. Y. Chenu, A. L. Fontana, S. Mahieu, D. Maier, F. Mattiocco, P. Serres K. Schuster, N. Krebs, T. Scherer, M. Schicke 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff

Outline • • Existing facilities Drivers for development Component technologies Ultimate limits • • Device development at IRAM SIS Mixers Receiving systems Instrumentation • Future prospects 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 2

Present and Future Facilities • IRAM 19 -20 Sep 2005 • ALMA Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 3

Drivers for Receiver Development • Sensitivity ! Ultimate limit: background limited Receiver : electronics, optics • Atmosphere • Photon statisitics • • Frequency coverage Tuning range. All atmospheric windows • Instantaneous. Goal: one atmospheric window, several 10's of GHz! • Speed (mapping) • But also: • • • 19 -20 Sep 2005 Stability: amplitude, phase Linearity Polarization purity Reliability Cost (hardware and manpower) Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 4

Active Component Technologies SIS HEMT 19 -20 Sep 2005 HEB Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 5

Active Component Technologies • HEMT Direct amplification • 115 GHz on telescopes; 200 GHz in the lab • Instantaneous b/w ~ 30% • • SIS Heterodyne mixing • 700 GHz (Nb); >1 THz (Nb. Ti. N) • Instantaeneous b/w 2 x 8 GHz • • HEB Heterodyne mixing • Several THz • Instantaeneous b/w ~ 4 GHz • 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 6

Active Component Technologies 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 7

Pushing the Limits of Ground-Based Observing: 1. 037 GHz ! Meledin et al 2004 CFA, Cambridge, MA Moscow State University 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 8

Quantum Limit for SIS mixers (after A. R. Kerr) 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 9

Fundamental Limits versus State-of-Art (ALMA specs, SSB) Quantum Atm (0. 5 mm PWV, 1. 4 airmass) ALMA SSB Spec Practical limit 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 10

Devices : SIS Junction Devt & Fab P 2 -I 1 -43. 41 -3 160 140 120 Current [µA] 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Voltage [m. V] 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 11

Devices : SIS Junction Devt & Fab • Pd. BI Band 1 (83 -116 GHz) junction 19 -20 Sep 2005 • ALMA Band 7 (275 -373 GHz) junction Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 12

Devices : HEB Mixer Devt & Fab Optimisation systématique des films minces Nb. N 19 -20 Sep 2005 Mélangeur Nb. N : Courbe I/V et puissance IF Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 13

Devices : MEMs : Tunable Capacitors 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 14

SIS Mixers • DSB • SSB • 2 SB (sideband separating) 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 15

DSB Mixers : Results IRAM ALMA B 7 SRON ALMA B 9 Trec = 2 hn/k Trec = 3 hn/k 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 16

SSB Mixers (Pd. BI) : Principle of Operation 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 17

SSB Mixers; Results for Pd. BI 200 -260 GHz 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 18

Sideband Separating (2 SB) Mixers for ALMA Band 7 (IRAM) 275 – 373 GHz 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 19

2 SB SIS Mixer: Principle of Operation 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 20

ALMA Band 7 (IRAM) 2 SB Mixers Results 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 21

ALMA Band 7 (IRAM) 2 SB Mixers More Results 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 22

ALMA Band 7 (IRAM) 2 SB Mixers More Results 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 23

Receiving Systems : Pd. BI New generation receivers for Pd. BI. 4 frequency bands Dual-Pol 4 GHz wide IF #1 unit currently undergoing system test 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 24

Receiving Systems Atmospheric Phase Correction 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 25

Receiving Systems : ALMA B 7 Cartridge • • • 275 – 373 GHz Dual polarization Dual sideband USB+LSB Four IF outputs 4 – 8 GHz 147 K SSB maximum And many more specs… 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 26

Instrumentation : Antenna Range Herschel B 1 horn verification • 50 d. B dynamic range @ 604 GHz • ALMA B 7 cartridge, optics verification • >50 d. B dynamic range @ 300 GHz • 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 27

Instrumentation : Vector Network Analyzer. 80 – 370 GHz 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 28

Where Do We Go from Here ? Areas for Future Work • Array receivers for mapping speed • Push the IF b/w of SIS receivers to the limits: df/f ~ 10% ? • Design integrated pixels • Push HEMT receivers to lower noise and higher frequencies: 30 K over 85 – 115 GHz ? • ? ? over 130 – 170 GHz ? • • Any really new detector around the corner ? • Keep our spectral bands pollution-free ! 19 -20 Sep 2005 Hunt for Molecules. Rx Devt for IRAM & ALMA Telescopes. B. Lazareff 29