Complementary Nutrition Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements BIOL

Complementary Nutrition: Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements BIOL 103, Chapter 3 (Part 2)

Today’s Topics • Dietary Supplements: – Vitamins and Minerals – Natural Health Products – Regulations and Claims • Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Dietary Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals • Various forms of dietary supplements: – Examples: Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, glandular extracts, enzymes, etc. • 2 levels of vitamin and mineral supplementation: – Moderate doses: • Similar amount to eating a nutrient-rich diet – Megadoses: • Amount high enough that it cannot be reached by diet alone

Who should seek moderate supplementation? • Those with increased nutrient needs and/or poor intake include:

Who should seek moderate supplementation? • Those with increased nutrient needs and/or poor intake (cont. ): – Infants – Others

When looking for moderate supplementation… • If you are looking for moderate supplementation: 1. Look for brands that contain at least ____________ 2. No more than_________________

Megadoses in Conventional Medical Management • Situations in which doctors are likely to prescribe megadoses: • A vitamin at megadose levels can have • In general, there is not yet enough scientific evidence to prove that vitamins/minerals supplementation are solid forms of treatment.

Megadosing Beyond Conventional Medicine: Orthomolecular Nutrition • Orthomolecular medicine: – Linus Pauling, 1968 – Achieving the “optimal nutrition” levels in the body by… • Q: Does consuming a lot of Vitamin C prevent cold?

Drawbacks of Megadoses 1. 2. 3. • In general, more dangerous to megadose with minerals than vitamins

Dietary Supplements: Natural Health Products • Natural health products – Used in _________________ – ____________________ • All foods are made up of _________ components – Advertisements use“ 100% Natural” (2 nd highest claim on food labels, 2008). – The general American consumer believes that natural foods are more “wholesome, nutritious, and healthy. ” • Traditional Herbalists vs. Conventional Medicine

Helpful Herbs, Harmful Herbs • NCCAM and NIH mission: to investigate using science to make sure herbs, herbal therapy and related practices are safe and healthy • Main idea:

Other Dietary Supplements • Presently, there are more than just vitamins, minerals…now it includes: – Protein powders, amino acids, carotenoids, bioflavonoids [naturally occurring plant chemicals (esp from citrus fruits) that reduce the permeability and fragility of capillaries], digestive aids, fatty acid formulas and special fats, algae, garlic products, etc. • Some supplement producers add dietary supplements with herbs and nutrients more complications in advertising and labeling

Dietary Supplement in the Marketplace • Manufacturers ________________________________ – Thus, they are allowed to to a wide variety of claims for product effects • Examples of advertising:

FTC and Supplement Advertising • FTC (Federal Trade Commission) is responsible for ensuring that advertisements and commercials are truthful and do not mislead. – in the US Department of Commerce – Depends on_____________________ • FTC’s “Operation and Cure All” –

FDA and Supplement Regulation • FDA has primary responsibility for regulating labeling and content of dietary supplements under • So how do you know if it’s a dietary supplement? – Dietary supplements:

The FDA and Supplement Regulation • Dietary supplements and their ingredients are • Supplement approval by FDA is______ – Thus, FDA must prove it isn’t safe AFTER it is on the market…

Supplement Labels • • 1. Like food labels, supplement labels have mandatory and optional info. Mandatory requirements are: 2. 3. 4. 5. • Supplement Facts panel can include substances for which no Daily Value has been established. • An asterisk under %DV indicates that DV is not established for that ingredient.

Dietary Supplements and Claims 1. Health claims (associated with disease/health condition): – Examples: 2. Structure/functional claims: – Examples: – Must have 3. Nutrient content claims – Consistent with ___________________

Choosing Dietary Supplements • Ask the following questions: – ___________________________________________ • What does the studies say? Human or animal studies? Were there placebo studies? • Consider type of preparation and the route of administration (pill vs. injectional herb) – ______________________ • There is little data on bioavailability ______________________________of herbal preparations and other types of non-nutrient supplements.

Choosing Dietary Supplements • Ask the following questions (cont. ): – ____________________________________________ • Prescription/OTC + supplement may have adverse effects • Taken alone or with other supplements? – ______________________ • Too many benefits? • “a low calorie, high energy drink? ” – ______________________ • Is it the dieticians, physicians who recommended the supplement to you? • Multilevel marketing: system of selling in which each salesperson recruits assistants who then recruit others to help them. The person at each level collects a commission on sales made by later recruits.

Choosing Dietary Supplement • U. S. Pharmacopea (USP) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Fraudulent Products • ~1/3 of herbal supplements on the market may be outright fraudulent. • Remember, dietary supplements, unlike foods and drugs, are not reviewed/tested to be effective by the FDA. • Examples of potential warning signs:

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) • Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): – Alternative • e. g. using herbs and megavitamins to treat AIDS – Complementary • e. g. using herbs to combat diarrhea caused by conventional AIDS medications and taking supplements to replace lost vitamins • 40% adults and 12% children in America use some form of CAM therapy.

CAM and Nutrition • Alternative nutrition practices include diets to prevent and treat diseases not shown to be dietrelated • Usually alternative nutrition practices are:

CAM and Nutrition • Nutrition in CAM – _________________________________________ • Emphasizes ________________________________________ – Composition depends on a person’s health status and is associated with lifestyle, spiritual philosophy. • Many advocates think this diet as a cure cancer and cardiovascular diseases. • Those that follow it have healthier blood lipid levels and lower blood pressure; however, they have low levels of calcium and vitamin D (osteoporosis)

Vegetarian vs. Vegan Vegetarian • “Diet” • Don’t Eat: Meat, seafood • Types: – Ovo-vegetarian: eats eggs – Lacto-vegetarian: eats dairy products • Products: Don’t mind using animal-derived products. Vegan • “Diet + Lifestyle” • Don’t Eat: Meat, eggs, milk, honey, or any food derived from animals. • Products: Avoids using animal-derived products including clothing, cosmetics, household, foods.

Food Restriction and Food Prescriptions • Many societies use dietary changes to treat or prevent illness • Fad diets most often____________________ – The few that prove effective and have a scientific basis become integrated into conventional nutrition and diet therapy.