Compensation for victims of terrorism Compensation financial redress

Compensation for victims of terrorism Compensation & financial redress for victims of terrorism Professor Clive Walker School of Law University of Leeds 166St-And © Clive Walker , 2012

Compensation for victims of terrorism Agenda ÜIdentify approaches ÜCritical analysis Approaches ÜDenial of special claims ÜSpecial schemes ÜCivil litigation

Compensation for victims of terrorism Purposes ÜIndividual restitution ÜSocial solidarity ÜNullify harm to state interests

Compensation for victims of terrorism Approaches: Denial of special claims ÜBureaucratic costs ÜRight to life – ECHR art 2 Ü‘Compensation culture’ ÜCriminalisation

Compensation for victims of terrorism Denial of special claims ÜCriminal Injuries Compensation Authority (GB) ÜCompensation Agency (NI)

Compensation for victims of terrorism Special schemes ÜAviation: Troika ÜCommercial property: Reinsurance (Acts of Terrorism) Act 1993 and Pool Re ÜDisaster relief: Bellwin Scheme eg Manchester & Tower Hamlets

Compensation for victims of terrorism Special schemes ÜProperty loss for individuals: Northern Ireland ÜJustice & Security (NI) Act 2007 ÜCriminal Damage (Compensation) (NI) Order 1977

Compensation for victims of terrorism Special schemes ÜPhysical protection for individuals: Northern Ireland ÜInjuries abroad: Victims of Overseas Terrorism Compensation Scheme: Crime & Security Act 2010

Compensation for victims of terrorism Special schemes: Overseas

Compensation for victims of terrorism Special schemes: USA ÜAntiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Title II ÜSeptember 11 th Victim Compensation Fund: Air Transportation Safety and Safety Stabilization Act 2001, Title IV

Compensation for victims of terrorism Civil litigation ÜAppealing and unappealing ÜAgainst government eg de Menezes ÜAgainst third parties ÜAgainst terrorists eg Breslin v Mc. Kenna (2008)

Compensation for victims of terrorism Civil litigation: USA ÜAnti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 1996 – action against designated states

Compensation for victims of terrorism Conclusions ÜFragmented and uneven ÜGrowing international interest

Compensation for victims of terrorism Conclusions ÜSecretary-General of the UN ÜCouncil of Europe Committee of Ministers ÜUN Special Rapporteur

Compensation for victims of terrorism