Compartmental Model for Chlamydia a Sexually Transmitted Disease

+ Compartmental Model for Chlamydia, a Sexually Transmitted Disease Pérez-Ayala, Michelle C. 1, Figueroa-Monsanto, Héctor L. 2 and Cruz-Aponte, Maytee 3 Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey 1, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey 2 and Department of Mathematics-Physics, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey 3

+ Biological Disease: Chlamydia n Sexually transmitted disease (STD) n Direct contact with any area of the body with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis n Child Birth n Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the world (Siam, 2012) n Chlamydia trachomatis n Incubation period: 5 -21 days n Most transmitted bacteria (sexually) www. allposters. com

Chlamydia in Puerto Rico and Worldwide Selected Data + www. banderasboricuas. com www. shutterstock. com • Puerto Rico – 20 -24 years are the most susceptible (Department of Health, 2012) • Worldwide - Less than 25 years of age are the most susceptible (Occhionero et al. 2015)

+ Susceptibility and Disease Symptoms n Females n n n Blood flow between periods Pain: periods, sex, abdomen, and urination Vagina itch n Males n n n www. newattitudes. co. uk imgkid. com Pain: testicles and urination Penis: swelling, pain, burn, itch, and transparent discharge Urethritis: 55%

+ Problems of C. trachomatis n Males n Al-Mously (2015) studied the effect of Chlamydia trachomatis on sperms to detect if the bacterium caused sub-fertility in men n Viability and motility cannot be prevented by in vitro fertilization n Females n De Borborema-Alfaia (2013) study reflected a 3. 4 % of premature membrane rupture in Brazilian women around the age of 30 or less occured n Symptoms are not commonly reflected Combined with C. psittaci could result in trachoma (Nittler et al. 2014) n

+ Treatments n Antibiotics n Recovered people could be susceptible again www. survivingcipro. com

+ Objective n Use a compartmental model, in order to demonstrate the susceptible, infected or re-infected and recovered individuals from a population of 100 people n Create precautions n Lessen the number of infected and re-infected individuals n Avoid infertilities

+ Methodology: Chlamydia Parameters and Model n Modified n SIR Model Susceptible, Incubation Period, Infected and Recovered n The compartmental model shows the flow of the disease www. nature. com www. fancyicons. com www. genitaldischarge. com www. sunflowerhospital. in

+ Schematic of disease dynamics: Mathematical Model S α SI/N E μR βE I γI R

+ Schematic of disease dynamics: Parameters

+ Results: Chlamydia Disease Trend during an Incubation Period of 13 Days S = Susceptible Individuals E = Incubation Period I = Infected Individuals R = Recovered Individuals

+ Chlamydia Disease Trend during an Incubation Period of 5 Days S = Susceptible Individuals E = Incubation Period I = Infected Individuals R = Recovered Individuals

+ Discussion n. The results showed that by increasing the incubation from 5 days to 13 days, people were more susceptible, less infected and thus less recovered. n. By using the mathematical formulas and altering the b (incubation period) parameters, the individuals from a given population of 100 were visualized, in terms of infections, incubation, immunity and recovery. n. This model could be used for other assigned populations, since this disease is common worldwide. Thus, it could be used to demonstrate the trajectory of the disease in a given time.

+ Discussion n Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted disease in Puerto Rico. n Young people around the age of 25 or less are more susceptible to obtain the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

+ Annotated Bibliography n Al-Mously N, Eley A. 2015. Transient exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis can induce alteration of sperm function which cannot be stopped by sperm washing. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 20, 48 -53. doi: 10. 1016/j. mefs. 2014. 003. n Borges V, Gomes JP. 2015. Deep comparative genomics among Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum isolates highlights genes potentially involved in pathoadaptation. Infection, genetics and Evolution 32, 74 -88. doi: 10. 1016/j. meegid. 2015. 026. n De Borborema-Alfaia APB, de Lima Freitas NS, Filho SA, Borborema. Santos CM. 2013. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a simple of northern Brazilian pregnant women: prevalence and prenatal importance. Braz J Infect Dis 17(5): 545 -550. doi: 10. 1016/j. bjid. 2013. 014. n Departamento de Salud. 2012. Datos de Puerto Rico. http: //www. estadisticas. gobierno. pr/iepr/Link. Click. aspx? fileticket=RVO VIk 8 ka 1 A%3 D&tabid=186.

+ Annotated Bibliography n Knittler MR, Berndt A, Böcker S, Dutow P, Hänel F, Heuer D, Kägebein D, Klos A, Koch S, Liebler-Tenorio E, Ostermann C, Reinhold P, Saluz HP, Schöfl G, Sehnert P, Sachse K. 2014. Chlamydia psittaci: New insights into genomic diversity, clinical pathology, host-pathogen interaction and anti-bacterial immunity. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 304, 877 -893. doi: 10. 1016/j. ijmm. 2014. 06. 010. n Occhionero M, Paniccia L, Pedersen D, Rossi G, Mazzucchini H, Entrocassi A, Vaulet LG, Gualtieri V, Fermepin MR. 2015. Prevalencia de la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis y factores de riesgo de infecciones transmisibles sexualmente en estudiantes universitarios. Rev Argent Microbiol 47(1): 9 -16. doi: 10. 1016/j. ram. 2014. 11. 003. n Siam EM, Hefzy EM. 2012. The relationship between antisperm antibodies prevalence and genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with unexplained infertility. Middle East fertility Society Journal (2012) 17, 93 -100. doi: 10. 1016/j. mefs. 2011. 09. 003.

+ Compartmental Model for Teenage Pregnancy in Puerto Rico Ramirez-Virella, Jariel Y & Rodriguez-Jimenez, Francisco J Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey

+ Pregnancy & Epidemical Modelling n Why? n Rates are Alarming (Agencia EFE, 2013) n Epidemics n Is its modelling posible?

+ Variables n. Susceptible n. Exposed n. Infected = No Sex Ed = Have Sex Ed = Pregnancy

+ Methodology

+ What we know Symbol Definition Value µ Those without sexual 16% - β; used education that get 8% in code pregnant. β Those with sexual 16. % - µ; used education that get 8% in code pregnant. α Those that receive sexual 80% education ɣ After pregnancy, those 100% with sexual education. Susceptible Without sexual education 56, 052 Exposed Have sexual education 224207 Infected Pregnant 1 at beginning

+ Results Susceptible – decrease as expected Pregnancy rates are higher than those with sexual education.

+ Conclusion n Modelling properly was NOT accomplished n Exposed vs Infected n Future suggestions: n Change variables n Use of more years to observe behaviour of model

+ Cited Literature Agencia EFE. (2013, Agosto 11). Embarazo adolescente, mayor reto poblacional de Latinoamérica. Indice Mayosnet H. 2008. Analisis de tesis realizadas en la Universidad de Puerto Rico y Universidad Metropolitana de Cupey concerniente a la desercion escolar en Puerto Rico. San Juan: Universidad Metropolitana. Retrieved from http: //www. google. com. pr/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ve d=0 CCs. QFj. AC&url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fwww. suagm. edu%2 Fumet%2 Fbibliote ca%2 FUMTESIS%2 FTesis_Educacion%2 FHMaysonet. Crespo 1512. pdf&ei= DN 5 TVa. Li. M 4 mo. Ns. P 5 g. Jg. E&usg=AFQj. CNFOWxg. KT 7 FUC 8 c 6 glg. TNIZ_d. BK mbg&sig 2=2 V SECRETARÍA AUXILIAR DEPLANIFICACIÓN Y DESARROLLO. 2014. Informe anual de estadisticas vitales. San Juan: Departamento de Salud. Retrieved from https: //www. scribd. com/doc/102059551/Informe-EVNacimientos-y-Matrimonios-Final-Rev 2#download

+ Acknowledgments Dr. Maytee Cruz-Aponte • Dr. Enida Díaz • Dr. Elena González n Danilo Pérez-Rivera • Dr. Robert Ross n