Comparison of Features Table Clues Table I Quadraped

Comparison of Features: Table Clues Table I: Quadraped & Biped Characteristics □ Posture: Bent over or Upright □ Type of Locomotion: Quadrapedal or Bipedal □ Shape of Lumbar Region: (Describe the shape. ) □ Leg and Arm Length: (Describe their lengths compared to each other. ) □ Position of Hind Legs: Bent or Straight □ Position of Center of Gravity: (Describe its location. ) □ Shape of Pelvis: Bowl shaped OR Elongated) □ Location of Upper Body Weight on the Femur: Inside or Outside of the Lower Portion of the Femur □ Arches of Feet: Low Arch (flat) or High Arch □ Position of Big Toe: Opposable Big Toe or In line with other toes Table II: Ape and Human Skulls □ Cranial Capacity: (Compare the size of their brain space. ) □ Length and Size of Jaw: (Compare their length and size. ) □ Facial Profile (Prognathism): Sloping Profile or Vertical Profile □ Brow Ridge (Supra-orbital ridge): Present or Absent □ Dental Arcade: U-shaped (parallel sides) or V-shaped (parabola shape) □ Number of Teeth: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw. ) □ Molars: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw. ) □ Premolars: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw. ) □ Canine: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw. ) □ Incisors: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw. ) □ Size of Canine Teeth: (Describe the size of the canines). □ Gaps in Teeth: (Do the teeth have gaps between them? Look specifically at the canines. )

• Bent over • Quadrupedal • “knuckle-walking” • Upright • Bipedal • (Walk on 2 feet)

CHARACTERISTICS • Shape of Lumbar Region • Position of Hind Legs • Position of Center of Gravity • Location of Upper Body Weight on the Femur

CHARACTERISTICS • Posture • Type of Locomotion • Leg & Arm Length • Shape of the Pelvis • Arches of Feet • Position of big Toe

• Bent forward from spine • Rugged surface • Thick brow ridge • Sagittal crest • Box or v-shaped jaw • Held upright on spine • Smooth surface • U shaped jaw Photo from: http: //encarta. msn. com/media_461516627_761566394_-1_1/Gorilla_Skull_Compared_with_Human_Skull. html

Comparison of Ape & Human Skulls CHARACTERISTICS • Cranium Capacity • Facial Slope • Supra-Orbital Ridge CHARACTERISTICS • Incisors = I • Canines = C • Premolars = P I • Molars = M I II I C C P P M M M I I I C C P P M M M

• Arms longer than legs • Arms for swinging • Legs longer than arms • Legs for striding

• Low arches • Opposable toes • Used for grasping • High arches • Big toe in line with others • Used for walking

• Large teeth • Large canines • Large gaps between canines & other teeth • Small teeth • Small canines • Small/no gaps between canines & other teeth

• Sloping profile • Acute angle • Jaw juts out • Wide nasal opening • Vertical profile • ~90 o angle • Distinct chin • Narrow nasal opening

• Smaller brain • 280 -705 cc • Larger brain • 400 -2000 cc (among living species) (from ancient to modern)

• Between 10 and 13 • Usually 13 or older

• Various, specific times each year • Ex: spring time • Continuous cycles throughout the year