COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MPA 503 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MPA 503 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION

SUMMARY/RECAP • EMERGENCE • DEFINITIONS(ENGINEERING SOCIAL CHANGE, GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) • CHARACTERISTICS(GOAL ORIENTATION, TEMPORAL, INNOVATIVE, RESPONSIVE) • APPROACHES(CONTEMPORARY INCLUSIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE APPROACH) • TREND(FROM PRODUCTION -CENTERED TO PEOPLE-CENTERED) • DEVELOPMENT VS TRADITIONAL ADMINISTRATION

DIFFERENCES DIFFER IN THREE ASPECTS ACCORDING TO APPLEBY • POLITICAL CHARACTER • BREADTH OF SCOPE, IMPACT AND CONSIDERATION • PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY

DIFFERENCES ACCORDING TO JOSIA STAMP THERE ARE FOUR DIFFERENCES BASED ON PRINCIPLES • PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITY • PRINCIPLE OF EXTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL • PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY • PRINCIPLE OF SERVICE MOTIVE

DIFFERENCES HERBERT SIMON HIGHLIGHTED THREE DISTINCTIONS • PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS BUREAUCRATIC, WHEREAS PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION IS BUSINESS LIKE • PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS POLITICAL WHEREAS PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION IS NON POLITICAL • PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS MARRED BY RED TAPE, WHEREAS PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION IS FREE FROM IT

DIFFERENCES DRUCKERS VIEW “IT IS DIFFERENT IN ITS PURPOSE, IT HAS DIFFERENT VALUES, IT NEEDS DIFFERENT OBJECTIVES AND IT MAKES A DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY” “PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS ARE QUITE DIFFERENT IN A SERVICE INSTITUTION FROM WHAT THEY ARE IN A BUSINESS INSTITUTION”

LIST OF MAJOR DIFFERENCES • POLITICAL DIRECTION • BREADTH OF SCOPE, IMPACT AND CONSIDERATION • PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY • PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITY • PRINCIPLE OF EXTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL

LIST OF MAJOR DIFFERENCES • • • PRINCIPLE OF SERVICE MOTIVE LEGAL FRAMEWORK NATURE OF FUNCTIONS ANONYMITY EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT

EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT • ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY AS IN THE CASE OF PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION • POLICY EFFICIENCY OR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE PROGRAMS AND TAKING RIGHT DECISIONS • SERVICE EFFICIENCY OR CLIENTELE SATISFACTION

SIMILARITIES • SOME THINKERS DO NOT ACCEPT THE DISTINCTION AS IMPORTANT SINCE ALL ADMINISTRATION WHETHER PRIVATE OR PUBLIC IS ONE AND POSSES THE SAME BASIC FEATURES • THESE INCLUDE HENRY FAYOL, M. P. FOLLET AND LYNDALL URWICK

SIMILARITIES • MANAGERIAL TECHNIQUES ARE SAME • UNIFORMITY IN ACCOUNTING, FILING, STATISTICS ETC • BOTH ARE ORGANISED ON PRINCIPLE OF HIERARCHY

QUOTATION • “THE GENERALIZATION WHICH DISTINGUISH PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FROM PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION LIKE SPECIAL CARE FOR EQUALITY OF TREATMENT, LEGAL AUTHORIZATION OF, AND RESPONSIBILITY OF ACTION, PUBLIC JUSTIFICATION OR JUSTIFIABILITY OF DECISIONS, FINANCIAL PROBITY AND METICULOUSNESS, AND SO FORTH ARE VERY LIMITED APPLICABILITY. IN FACT, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATIONS ARE TWO SPECIES OF THE SAME GENUS, BUT THEY HAVE SPECIAL VALUES AND TECHNIQUES OF THEIR OWN WHICH GIVE TO EACH ITS DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER. ” DWIGHT WALDO

SIMILARITIES • BOTH ARE BEING INFLUENCED BY PRACTICE AND STANDARDS OF EACH OTHER • BOTH HAVE SIMILARITIES PERTAINING TO ORGANISATION, FINANCE AND PERSONNEL • THERE CAN BE A MUTUAL EXCHANGE OR ROTATION OF PERSONNEL BETWEEN THE TWO

STATE VS MARKET DEBATE • PUBLIC CHOICE APPROACH • INSTITUTIONAL PLURALISM TO PROMOTE CONSUMER PREFERENCES • MINIMISE THE ROLE OF STATE

ROLE OF STATE • STATE TO HAVE AN ENABLING RATHER THAN DOING ROLE • DISTRIBUTOR OF PUBLIC BENEFITS • FACILITATE AND PROMOTE CHANGE IN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY • MARKET SHOULD BE THE KEY REGULATOR OF ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

FAILURE OF STATE • HUGE GROWTH IN PUBLIC EXPENDITURE RESULTING IN HIGHER TAXES AND INFLATION • FISCAL CRISIS OF THE WELFARE STATE • INABILITY TO DELIVER BASIC SERVICES LIKE LAW AND ORDER, TRANSPORT, EDUCATION ETC • COLLAPSE OF COMMAND ECONOMIES IN USSR AND EASTERN EUROPE • HIGH GROWTH RATE OF COUNTRIES WHERE STATE HAS A LIMITED ROLE LIKE JAPAN SIGAPORE, SOUTH KOREA TAIWAN ETC

FAILURE OF STATE • POOR PERFORMANCE OF STATE ENTERPRISES SPECIALLY IN DEVOLOPING COUNTRIES THROWING UP HUGE DEFICITS • COLLAPSE OF STATE DUE TO CIVIL STRIFE IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD LIKE SUDAN, LIBERIA, AFGHANISTAN AND MORE RECENTLY UKARAINE • EXCESSIVE INTERVENTION OF STATE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LEADING TO MARKET DISTORTIONS, RAMPANT CORRUPTION AND INFLATED BUREAUCRACIES

MARKET FRIENDLY APPROACH • INTERVENE IF ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY • APPLY CHECKS AND BALANCES TO DISCIPLINE MARKETS • INTERVENE OPENLY MAKING INTERVENTIONS SIMPLE AND TRANSPARENT AND SUBJECT TO RULES RATHER THAN OFFICIAL DISCRETION

MARKET REGULATED PROBLEMS • IMPERFECTIONS IN MARKETS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES • MARKET DECISIONS MAY NOT LEAD TO OPTIMUM ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES • MARKET CANNOT CAUSE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN AGREGATE SUPPLY AND DEMAND • MARKET MECHANISM IGNORES EQUITY

BALANCED VIEW • MARKET BE ALLOWED TO FUNCTION WHERE IT CAN DO SO EFFICIENTLY • STATE TO STEP IN PROMPTLY AND EFFICIENTLY • WHERE MARKET CANNOT FUNCTION OR FAILS • THE STATE IS ESSENTIAL FOR PUTTING IN PLACE THE APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR MARKETS

VIEWPOINT OF WORLD BANK FIVE FUNDAMENTAL TASKS OF A GOVERNMENT • ESTABLISHING A FOUNDATION OF LAW • MAINTAINING MACRO-ECONOMIC STABILITY • INVESTING IN BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE • PROTECTING THE VULNERABLE • PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT