Comparative Dutch varieties of Dutch Introduction to the

Comparative Dutch: varieties of Dutch Introduction to the Dutch Language 15 October 2019

Today 1. Varieties of Dutch through time: Middle Dutch and Early Modern Dutch; 2. Dutch creoles and Afrikaans; 3. Major varieties of Dutch today: Dutch, Flemish Dutch, Surinamese Dutch; 4. Dialects of Dutch: regional & city-based; 5. Dutch sociolects; 6. In-between languages: Polder Dutch and Verkavelingsvlaams. 7. The case of the Gooi ‘R’.

Today: when I’m done talking 1. Learning to count in Dutch; 2. Learning to count in Dutch; 3. Learning to count in Dutch?

Varieties of Dutch through time Middle Dutch: • Cases (somewhat) intact; • Germanic umlaut (somewhat) intact; • Vowel reduction (lots of schwas); • Orthographical idiosyncrasies (and their repercussions: ‘ae’, ‘ij’); • Literary production: Karel ende Elegast, Vanden vos Reynaerde, Marieke van Nieumeghen. (Charlemagne epic, Arthurian novels and abele spelen).

Middle Dutch: sample God, die vander maghet was gheboren, Om dat hi niet en woude laten verloren Dat hi met sinen handen hadde ghemeact, Soe woude hi al moeder naect Die doet sterven in rechter trouwen. Nu biddic u, heren ende vrouwen, Dat ghi wilt swighen ende hoeren. Het was een coninc hier te voren; In Sesiliën was hi gheseten - Verstaet, soe moghdi wonder weten Ende ghecreech een kint bi sijn wijf.

Middle Dutch: audio sample https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 J 3 eby 1 q. Czc

Varieties of Dutch through time Early Modern Dutch: • Loss of cases; • Invention of new pronouns (u; jullie); • Loss of female/male distinction in non-animate nouns in Dutch; • Many French loanwords; • Purisms (hun/hen; naar/na; wiskunde vs. mathematica (Simon Stevin); • Literary production: Joost van den Vondel, rederijkers (‘rhetoreticians’).

Early Modern Dutch: sample https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=HPOYyp. Aha. Cg

Dutch creoles and Afrikaans: • Loss of the simple past tense; • Loss of different verb forms for different persons; • Initial obstruent devoicing; • Double negation; • Flemish/Zeelandic traits; • Loanwords from i. e. Malay, Portuguese; • Spelling and phonetic idiosyncracies: ‘ij’ = ‘y’; ‘sch’ = ‘sk’; ‘ch’ = ‘g’. • Literary production: e. g. Ingrid Jonker.

Afrikaans: sample Ek herhaal jou sonder begin of einde herhaal ek jou liggaam Die dag het ’n smal skadu en die nag geel kruise die landskap is sonder aansien en die mense ’n ry kerse terwyl ek jou herhaal met my borste wat die holtes van jou hand namaak

Afrikaans: sample https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y 3 rydad. Inbo

Dutch creoles and Afrikaans Examples of Dutch creoles: • Berbice (Guyana); • Skepi (Guyana); • Negerhollands (Virgin Islands); • Petjo (Indonesia); • Javindo (Indonesia); • Ceylon Portuguese-Dutch (Sri Lanka); • Mohawk Dutch (United States); • Jersey Dutch (United States).

Dutch creoles: sample https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 PH 1 Tv. EE 8 Vw

Varieties of Dutch today: Dutch, Flemish Dutch and Surinamese Dutch Different categories of difference: • Phonetic (most common: https: //nl. wikipedia. org/wiki/IPAnotatie_voor_het_Nederlands_en_het_Afrikaans); • Lexical (quite a few: purisms/gallicisms in Flemish, Sranan influences in Surinamese, Frisian influence in Dutch (https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=RAx 36 TRNEKc)); • Grammatical (mainly the survival of gender in Flemish dialects).

Surinamese Dutch: sample https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=qg. UIg. J-3 h. Lw

Dialects of Dutch

Dialects of Dutch

Dialects of Dutch ‘The talking map’: https: //www. meertens. knaw. nl/projecten/sprekende_kaart/sv g/

City-based dialects Examples: • Amsterdam (Yiddish influence); • Rotterdam; • The Hague; • Leiden; • Utrecht; • Antwerpen; • Brussel; • Gent.

Dutch sociolects Higher class: certain words (broek vs. pantalon, das vs. stropdas, vest vs. jacquet) and codes (no ‘eet smakelijk’!); also: odd pronunciation (wèreld), restrained diphthongs. Lower class: grammatical ‘mistakes’ (e. g. ’hun’ as subject); diminutives in -ie rather than -je; local dialectical influence in general; exaggerated diphthongs. More restrained social groups also tend to have their own jargon and manner of speaking: students, inner city youths, farmers, politicians, business cadres et cetera.

In-between languages: Polder Dutch and Verkavelingsvlaams • Standard variants that don’t ‘live up to’ the standard; • Spoken in suburbia; • Meant to denote social distance at once to (backward) working class background and (elitist) establishment; • Represented in e. g. soap operas, reality TV.

The case of the Gooise ‘R’ • Spread through mass media, the Kinderen voor Kinderen television programme specifically, in this case. • Scientific research shows it spreading steadily, with about 67% of children in the Netherlands using it now, versus about one third of adults. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 V 2 kee. Z 5 e. IQ

Learning to count in Dutch • 1, 2, 3 …