CommunityBased Juvenile Justice in San Francisco Huckleberry Youth

Community-Based Juvenile Justice in San Francisco: Huckleberry Youth Programs’ Community Assessment & Resource Center (CARC) Denise Coleman, MSW, ACSW | Director of Juvenile Justice Programs Stacy Sciortino, MSW, ACSW | CARC Program Director Elizabeth Ascher, Ph. D. | Director of Research and Evaluation January 10, 2018 Presentation to the Juvenile Probation Commission

CARC Overview • Single largest juvenile justice diversion program in San Francisco • Unique on-site collaboration of Police Department, Sheriff Department, Juvenile Probation, and CBOs • Provides youth, on the day of arrest, with single point of entry for: – – Assessment Service integration Referral Booking – – Crisis intervention Intensive case management Counseling (as needed) Mentoring (in select cases)

History • In the 1990 s juvenile crime rates were on the rise and juvenile hall was over-crowded. • San Francisco won a 1997 California Challenge Grant to undergo a comprehensive juvenile justice reform effort. • Local Action Plan was developed with over 100 participants including probation, law enforcement, schools, health and human services, CBOs, youth, parents, clergy, and others. • Central to this reform effort was the establishment of CARC. • CARC began in 1998 by Delancey Street, transferred to Huckleberry Youth Programs in 2000 because of our specialization and reputation for serving youth and families.

A Community-Based Alternative to juvenile hall, CARC has changed how youth are processed at front end of juvenile justice system. Eligible San Francisco youth detained by the police are brought directly to CARC, never to see the inside of a police station or juvenile hall. Community-based programs are proven to reduce recidivism, promote positive lifeoutcomes for youth, improve public safety, and are more cost-effective than incarceration. 1 1”The cost of confinement: why good juvenile justice policies make good fiscal sense” May 2009 Justice policy Institute.

CARC Expansion • The District Attorney is diverting an increasing number of felony offenders to CARC, with the implementation of restorative community conferencing and deferred charging initiatives. • CARC has recently expanded services to provide a one-time, point of arrest intervention for out-of-county youth. • CARC Advisory Board initiatives have led to: – Successful efforts to minimize police presence in schools, – Expand admonishment practices in the field, and – Institute changes to the SFPD General Order 7. 01, authorizing police to bring youth to Huckleberry’s shelter to eliminate arrests for status offenses and mandating police to contact CARC when arresting a youth.

Results • CARC is one of the programs credited with reducing juvenile detention bookings by 63% over the last 15 years. • CARC has a low (25 -30%) recidivism rate among clients who complete the program. • CARC effectively diverts about one-third of arrested youth from detention and formal probation at just a fraction of the cost of detention. • CARC clients re-engage in school, secure jobs, and participate in positive recreational activities.

Eligibility CARC serves all youth, arrested in San Francisco, 11 -17, for all misdemeanors and some felonies, except youth who are on probation or who have been arrested for violent/serious offenses. Examples of Eligible Offenses • • • Battery Assault Possession of drugs Theft Trespassing Vandalism Examples of Non-Eligible Offenses • • • Assault inflicting serious injury Homicide Felony arson Forcible rape Robbery Warrants

Basic CARC Overview Police are mandated to call CARC for all juvenile arrests Police and Probation discuss the situation If criteria are met, Police transport youth to CARC On-site Probation Officer takes custody of youth On-site Sheriff searches and secures youth for processing Case Mgr. conducts full assessment of youth’s life (strengths/challenges) On-site therapist conducts mental health assessment (as needed) Multi-disciplinary team develops case plan Case Manager meets with family and youth is released to family CARC provides case management for next 3 -9 months

CARC Provides Legal Advocacy and System Diversion Social Emotional Development Academic And Vocational Supporting youth in completing the legal consequences of arrest Creating individualized support plans for each youth and referrals Connecting youth with positive educational and vocational opportunities ● Work with the on-site Probation Officer ● Develop a Case Plan ● Work with legal services ● Provide ongoing monitoring ● Educate youth and family ● Accompany youth and family through juvenile justice process ● Relationship ● Provide school-related development with youth support (referrals for ● Provide referrals to tutoring, counselors, etc. ) services and resources ● Create a vocational plan ● Foster relationship ● Connect youth with job with family opportunities, internships, ● Ongoing case planning etc. ● Support youth job readiness

CARC Case Management • Every youth is assigned a CARC Case Manager • Case manager works with the youth and his/her family for 3 -9 months • Helps client complete legal requirements, improve school performance, and connect with helpful services Referral services include: • Alcohol & drug intervention • Mental health counseling • Employment • After school programs • Academic support • Mentoring programs • Primary medical care • Safe housing • And much more…

CARC Mental Health Services • Often youth are more at-risk of contact with the juvenile justice system as a result of unmet mental health needs 2 • About ⅓ of CARC youth are referred to on-site counseling • Counselor works with the youth and his/her family for an average of 10 -14 sessions • 6 -week parent workshops Case Managers receive: • Support for clients or families in crisis at point of arrest • Consults on difficult cases • Consults on filing abuse reports • Promotion of self-care among case managers offered in English and Spanish are offered on-site 2 Thomas 143 -164. Grisso, “Adolescent Offenders with Mental Disorders, ” The future of Children 10, no. 2 (2008):

Research & Evidence: Program Design • Research by the National Council on Crime & Delinquency in 2001 indicated that youth who completed CARC were significantly less likely to be rearrested. 3 • The CARC model is based on the Community Assessment Center concept, a best practice for diversion by the OJJDP. 4 • The Anne E. Casey Foundation highlighted CARC as a model for juvenile detention reform in a 2006 publication, Juvenile Detention Risk Assessment. 5 • The Vera Institute of Justice has invited Huckleberry to present the CARC model at several conferences over the past decade. Huckleberry also presented CARC to the California Assembly Special Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice. 3 Muckelroy, A. , Hartney, C. , & Arifuku, I. (2001). Evaluation of the Community Assessment and Referral Center. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. J (2000). The Community Assessment Center Concept. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, March 2000. 5 Steinhart, D. (2006). Juvenile Detention Risk Assessment: A Practice Guide to Juvenile Detention Reform. A project of the Anne E. Casey Foundation. 4 Wilson,

Research & Evidence: Program Components • The Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children (TESIC), 6 screens for a wide variety of traumatic experiences. • Youth are screened for trauma symptoms via Child Report of Posttraumatic Symptoms (CROPS). 7 • Social Skills Improvement System Assessment and Intervention Program (SSIS)6 informs domains of CARC’s work with youth including social skills development and academic competence. • CARC is in the process of implementing Restorative Community Circles (RCC), 8 a restorative justice process that is proven effective in further reducing recidivism and positively engaging victims. 6 Ford, J. D. & Rogers, K (1997). Empirically-based assessment of trauma and PTSD with children and adolescents. Proceedings from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies annual meeting. Montreal, Canada. 7 Greenwald, R. , & Rubin, A. (1999). Brief assessment of children’s post-traumatic symptoms: Development and preliminary validation of parent and child scales. Research on Social Work Practice, 9, 61 -75. 8 Elliott, S. & Gresham, F. (2008). Social skills improvement system (SSIS) intervention guide. Indianapolis, IN: Peason Education, Inc. 7 Impact Justice Report retrieved on 12/20, 2017 at: http: //impactjustice. org/restorative-community- conferencing/.

FY 2017 Demographics 332 Youth Served Race/Ethnicity Gender Pacific White Islander 4% Other 2% 3% Multiracial 16% Latino 37% Male 67% Black/ African. Amer. 30% Asian 8% Female 33% Age at arrest 16 yrs 29% 17 yrs 24% 11 -13 yrs 10% 14 yrs 15 yrs 10% 19% 18 yrs 1%

FY 2017 Demographics 332 Youth Served San Mateo Solano 2% 2% Contra Costa 3% Alameda 4% Unknow Santa Counties n Clara 5% 1% SF Neighborhoods Nob Hill/ Russian Hill 4% Outer Richmon d 4% San Franci sco 83% Other 16% Parkside 4% Bayview/ Hunters Point 23% Mission/ Bernal Heights 11% SOMA Twin Visitacion 5% Peaks/ Valley/ Glen Park Sunny Pacific Ingleside/ dale 4% Hayes Heights/Excelsior/ 9% Valley/ Western Outer Civic Addition Mission Center 6% 8% 6%

Clients Arrested FY 2017 Youth* NOT assessed at CARC Infractions 1% Other 1% Clients* assessed at CARC Infractions 1% Felonies 29% 35% Misdemeanors 30% 23% Felonies 74% Misdemeanors 65% * Each graph is unduplicated by youth/client. Those youth receiving multiple charges were only counted once per graph at the level of the most severe degree with which they were charged.

Youth arrested in SF & population served at CARC by fiscal year arrested (July-June) 2010 -2017 1800 1711 On average, 29% of youth (31% of SF-county youth) arrested in SF were served by CARC from FY 2010 -2017 1600 1354 1400 1139 # Youth 1200 % of SF-County youth 1012 1000 822 800 773 740 618 600 Total 400 200 0 % of all arrested youth 27% 30% 28% 32% 27% 29% 31% 30% 33% 30% 35% 29% 30% 32% FY FY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Not CARC-assessed, from SF County Assessed at CARC

# Youth Population served at CARC by fiscal year receiving services (July-June) 2010 -2017 700 14 600 12 500 10 400 8 300 6 200 4 100 2 0 0 FY FY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Average encounter time per client (hours) Carry-over & follow-up Assessed

Trauma exposure for CARC clients assessed FYs 2015 -2017 (3 years) 80% 76% 71% 70% 67% 62% % Youth 60% 50% 40% 39% 20% 10% C A om bu m se/ N u D nit eg om y le es Vio ct Fa tic le m V nc Lo ily io e Ve ss Se len rb /Th pa ce al r r Th eat atio re of n at s/ Los Bu s lly in g O th er 0% 98% of 625 clients screened* over the past 3 fiscal years reported experiencing at least one trauma type (91% reported 2 or more types; 79% reported 3 or more) • Abuse/neglect = victim of child physical (6%) or verbal abuse (14%), neglect (13%), sexual abuse or assault (9%), or sexual exploitation (1%) • Community violence = physical assault victim (32%), robbery victim or witness (30%), or witnessing community or school violence (53%) • Domestic violence = witnessing physical (29%) or verbal (56%) DV • Family separation = kidnapping (5%); parent incarcerated (5%); or other separation (35%), e. g. , immigration • Loss/threat of loss = someone close died/ was seriously ill/injured (72%) or suicidal (21%) * Clients were screened for trauma exposure via a modified version of the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory (TESI-C; Ippen, Ford, et al. 2002)

Case management time by trauma exposure & PTSD symptom severity per client FYs 2016 & 2017 (2 years) Encounter Minutes Level of Trauma Exposure (N=464) PTSD Symptom Severity (N=184) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 R 2 = 0. 0086 1000 0 R 2 = 0. 0264 1000 0 0 5 10 TESI Items Endorsed (max=16) 15 0 10 20 30 CROPS Score (max=50, clinical cutoff=19) 40

Program Outcomes FY 2016 -2017 • 76% of cases managed at CARC successfully completed their probation requirements • 70% of CARC clients were not re-arrested within 1 year following program completion* which is a rate much higher than comparable incarcerated youth (30%)9 • 63% of CARC clients identified as struggling in school improved their school behavior/performance • 75% of CARC Counseling clients demonstrated an improvement in well-being within their first 8 sessions as measured by PCOMS, an evidence-based tool 10 * Of clients completing the program during the prior fiscal year. 9 Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) non-707(b)/290 youth: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation 2010 Juvenile Justice Outcome Evaluation Report 10 Duncan, Barry L. “The Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS): The Heart and Soul of Change Project. ” Canadian Psychology, Vol 53(2), May 2012, 93 -104.