Community Ecology Differences within a Community Community an
- Slides: 16
Community Ecology
Differences within a Community • Community - an assemblage of species living close enough for the potential of interaction – Species richness - number of species within a community. – Relative abundance - the number of common species as compared to rare species. – Species diversity - species richness+relative abundance
Interspecific Interactions between Populations of Different Species • The adaptation of one species to the presence of another may lead to coevolution (a change in one species acts as a selective force on another). • Example – predator/prey – mutualism – commensalism
Predation/Parasitism • Predation - a predator eats a prey • Parasitism - parasites live in or on a host, usually killing them outright. • Parasitoidism - small insects such as wasps lay eggs on hosts; the larvae feed within the body of the host, killing it. • Herbivory - animals eat plants
Plant Defenses Against Herbivores • Thorns/hooks/spines in or on leaves and stems • chemicals that produce distasteful foliage such as strychnine, morphine, nicotine • production of analogous (same in appearance not function) hormones that causes abnormal insect development when eaten
Animal Defenses Against Predators • Hiding, fleeing, alarm calls, distraction displays, escaping, combat tactics. • Cryptic coloration - passive defense that makes potential prey difficult to see (camouflage) • Batesian mimicry - palatable prey resembles the appearance of a harmful or unpalatable species
Predation • Parasitism - one organisms derives nourishment from another – Endoparasites - live within the host tissue or cavities (tapeworms) – Ectoparasites - attach or briefly feed on external surfaces ( mosquitoes)
Interspecific Competitions • Competitive Exclusion Principle - two similar species in the same area with similar resources can not coexist.
Ecological Niche • What is your niche? • Ecological niche - how an organisms fits in to its environment by using biotic and abiotic resources • Two species can not coexist if they have identical niches.
Evidence for Competition • The weaker individual will become extinct. • One of the species will evolve to the point of using a different set of resources. – Resource partitioning
Commensalism • Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits without significantly affecting another; unlike parasitism. – Cattle egrets • Difficult to find a true commensalistic relationship when most relationships will benefit both species to some degree.
Mutualism • Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. – Nitrogen fixing bacteria and legumes.
Community Structure - Food Webs Secondary Consumers Primary Producers
Disturbance and Nonequilibrium • Disturbance - anything that disrupts a community – change in resource availability allowing for disappearance or emergence of new species – natural disasters – human intervention • • clear cutting logging pollution grassland destruction
Succession • Succession - transition of species composition over time – Primary succession - succession of barren areas due to lack of soil formation, rubble, or barren rock (colonization of new lands) • pioneering species - species that will first colonize areas in primary succession (mosses, algae)
Succession (con’t) • Secondary succession - occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact which will be recolonized by a fugitive species (weeds).
- Community definition ecology
- Chapter 3 section 1 community ecology
- More diverse
- Organismal ecology
- Community ecology
- Chapter 54 community ecology
- Chapter 5 evolution and community ecology
- Population vs community ecology
- Community level ecology
- Chapter 5 evolution and community ecology answer key
- Chapter 5 evolution and community ecology
- Community ecology
- Chapter 54 community ecology
- Definition of community ecology
- Physical ability diversity definition
- Biome foldable
- Detritivore definition ecology