COMMUNITY BASED MONITORING SYSTEM COURSE PROJECT PROJECT TITLE

COMMUNITY BASED MONITORING SYSTEM COURSE PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE: TITLE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN ZAMBIA (MDGS) A CASE STUDY OF NSANSA WARD, CHINGOLA DISTRICT - COPPERBELT PROVINCE.

STUDENT INFORMATION v Student Name: Mwelaisha Agness v ID Number: 1509218378 v Programme of Study: Bachelor of Public Administration

TABLE OF CONTENT v v v v v PROJECT DETAILS. . . . . . . GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS. . . . . MAP LOCATIONS. . . . . . . INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. . . . ETHINICITY OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS. . . . . EDUCATION LEVELS OF MEMBERS. . . . . MARITAL STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD. . . . . EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS…………………. ACCESS TO ICT’ S……………………………………. . COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREA …………………… NATIONAL MDG GOALS AND TARGETS. . . . . CHALLENGES FACED IN THE AREA. . . . . SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE COMMUNITY SITUATION. . . . . . . . DEVELOPMENTAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE AREA. . . . LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY. . . . . . CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . REFERENCES ………………………………………

PROJECT DETAILS v STUDY TYPE: CBMS SCHOOL PROJECT v INITIATORS: v YEAR: ICU AND ZRDC 2016

Geographical Characteristics v v Location: District : Constituency: Ward: Copperbelt Province Chingola Nchanga Nsansa

MAP LOCATIONS

INTRODUCTION Although great strides have been made to achieve many of the MDG targets worldwide, progress has been uneven across regions and countries, leaving significant gaps. Millions of people are being left behind, especially the poorest and those disadvantaged because of their sex, age, disability, ethnicity or geographic location. Targeted efforts will be needed to reach the most vulnerable people. Without effective and accountable institutions, systems, processes and political will, economic gains are not automatically translated into development outcomes or registered as MDG achievements. Therefore, this study seeks to review how the MDGs are impacting people’s lives in Nsansa ward. Statistically, According to 2010 census the said ward has the population of 6, 543 of males and females. Nsansa ward is among the sensitive wards in chingola district of the copperbelt province. The ward has 1, 676 households according to 2010 census.

ETHINICITY OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS The Zambian society comprises 73 ethnic groups, each with its own set of traditions and forms of expression, which demonstrate their cultural identity. The proliferation of ethnic traditional ceremonies and the expressed desire by several ethnic language groups for their languages to be given recognition in the educational system and the media. The study showed that, the ethnicity of many households in the ward revealed Bemba tribe to be at 59% , Lamba at 23% , chewa at 10% and tumbuka at 9%. NOTE: LIGHT BLUE---Bemba DARK BLUE---Lamba DARK GREEN---Chewa LIGHT GREEN---Tumbuka

SEX DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS According to the Population Census of 2000, there are more women than men in the country. However, due to a number of factors such as the low levels of education, limited access and control over resources of production, and the division of labour, women’s participation in the development process has been impeded. These factors have been exacerbated by cultural norms and values which promote unequal power relations among men and Women According to the CSO report 2002/2003, poverty among female headed households stood at 58 percent compared to 43 percent among male headed households. Moreover, the proportion of female headed households has increased from 16. 9 percent in 1990 to 18. 9 percent in 2000. According to the study, more women were found in the sampled households more than the number of men.

EDUCATION LEVELS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Education and training provide skills to drive economic and social development within the context of both the local and global economy. Education and training also provide equality of opportunity for individuals to participate in local and national development. The study showed that, most households in the ward had members who had gone only up to primary and secondary levels of education , only 10 out of the 50 households had members gone up to the tertiary level and 5 households revealed members who had never been to school.

EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS The high unemployment and poverty levels have been a major concern to the Government. The Ministry of Labour and Social Security has the mandate to analyse the causes and consequences of high and persistent unemployment with a view to proposing effective policy solutions to deal with this challenge. However, statistics from the study showed that, the unemployment levels among the sampled households is high such that, only 1 head of the household in every 4 households, had a job or were in employment and two out of the 4 households were retrenched or layed off and the rest households had the head with no form of employment. (light blue- unemployment levels, deep blue- retrenchment levels and greenemployment levels) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

ACCESS TO ICT’S Growth of ICT is a precursor to wealth creation and attainment of a 100% well informed and knowledgeable 80% society. As a result, the mobile telephone service grew by over 300 60% percent from 949, 558 to over 4, 000 subscribers. 40% From the study taken, in every 4 households, members had access to 20% mobile phones or owned them with 0% only 1 or 2 members having no phone, as shown in the figure(series 3) to show people with no mobile phones. Note: - Series 1 shows members with mobile phones. -series 2 shows members with 1 network based mobile phones. –series 3 shows members without mobile phones. Series 3 Series 2 Series 1

EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS(MDG’S) The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of eight mutually reinforcing development goals contained in the 2000 Millennium Declaration. The Declaration was signed by 147 Heads of State, including the Zambian Republican President, to initiate action to combat the human development deprivations to which majority of the world population is still exposed. The Fifth National Development Plan is the vehicle that Zambia is using to progress towards the MDGs and the attainment of the MDGs.

THE MDG GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER. Extreme poverty is defined as inability to meet basic minimum food requirements based on a monthly cost of the food basket. Moderate poverty relates to those who can afford basic minimum food requirements, but cannot afford other (non-food) basic needs. Research questions included the following: 1. How many meals do household members have per day? 1 meal 2 meals 3 meals 2. What is households’ main source of income? 1. employment 2. agriculture 3. business 3. What was household members’ source of food? 1. Neighbours 2. well wishers 3. Relief food 4. Non 4. What are these meals comprised of? State 5. How much is your budget for food? On a Monthly basis. 1. Zk 100 -Zk 300 2. Zk 300 -Zk 500 3. Zk 500 -1000 4. above Zk 1, 000 6. How many member of the household have suffered during the past one month from 1. malnutrition 2. kwashiokor 3. marasmus 4. dehydration From the above research questions, statistics showed that, many households had access to atleast 3 meals a day, the source of income revealed 20% from agriculture, 30% from employment and 50% from business. The source of food showed self supplied and regarding the monthly budget on food revealed that most households spend above Zk 1000 to cater for the household members.

: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

THE MDG GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION. Education and Skills Development plays a critical role in the socio-economic development. It provides opportunities for growth, poverty reduction, employment, productivity and human development Pupil school enrolment increased to 3. 6 million in 2009 as compared to 2. 9 million in 2005 for basic education. Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) increased from 93 percent in 2005 to 97 percent in 2009, while the Gender Parity Index (GPI) improved from 0. 95 in 2005 to 0. 99 in 2009. Completion rates at Grade 9 improved from 43 percent in 2005 to 52 percent in 2009. However, from the study, 95% of the household population showed that, children do attend school at primary and secondary levels respectively. While, 5% goes to children below school going ages, heading to pre-school section.

THE MDG GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY Gender can be defined as an analytical concept, which focuses on women’s roles and responsibilities in relation to those of men. These roles and responsibilities explain existing disparities between women and men which further leads to the differential impact in the socio-economic development processes. According to the Population Census of 2000, there are more women than men in the country Women's participation in political life continues to be limited. Although the proportion of women in Parliament has risen from 6 percent in 1991 to 14 percent in 2006, it still falls significantly short of the 30 percent SADC target. The country has a long way to go before attaining this target. Inadequate or lack of education contributes to the low status of women in national development. Females have higher dropout rates at all levels of the school system. From the study, figures showed that, 90% of most households in the ward had women who neither work nor are involved in politics and only 10% of the women were in formal employment. Hence, the need to improve and promote gender equality in the various sectors of the country.

THE MDG GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY Reducing child mortality is one of the targets that Zambia has the potential of achieving. Although still relatively high, both infant mortality and under-five mortality rates have shown a declining trend since 1992. The reduction in child mortality is mainly attributed to the strong state of supportive environment that Zambia has put in place. These include improved childhood immunization rates (routine immunization coverage for measles increased from 77 percent in 1992 to 84. 9 percent in 2007) and provision of micronutrients such as vitamin A through supplementation and fortification of foods.

THE MDG GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH. Better child health and nutrition promote future productivity growth by helping children develop into healthier and more productive adults. From the study, the percentage of women who received antenatal care from a health professional has remained high at 93. 4 percent. Furthermore, the number of mothers who received at least one tetanus toxoid injection during pregnancy increased from 26. 7 percent in 2001 to 80. 1 percent in 2007. The number of births attended to by a health professional increased from 43. 4 percent in 2001 to 46. 5 percent in 2007.

THE MDG GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER MAJOR DISEASES. For Zambia to achieve the MDG target by 2015, she needs to achieve a prevalence rate of less than 16 percent. -According to the 2001/2002 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS), HIV prevalence in the general population was estimated at 16 percent of the population aged 15 to 49. -Malaria incidence rates in Zambia tripled over the three decades, from 121/1, 000 in 1976 to 396/1, 000 in 2003 due predominantly to chloroquine resistance; reduced vector control; limited access to quality care and poor clinical care management; HIV and AIDS; and poverty. -Other diseases contribute significantly to the disease burden in Zambia. These diseases include acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea, worm infestations and Bilharzias (schistosomiasis) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). From the study, statistics indicated that, most households had atleast 2 or 3 members who had suffered from malaria in the past 6 months, households with Hiv/Aids members had been on medication and other common diseases in the area revealed Diarrhoea cases in most households.

THE MDG GOAL 6 SOME OF THE WAYS OF COMBATING MALARIA AND OTHER MAJOR DISEASES.

THE MDG GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY. In Zambia, unsustainable utilization of the environment has affected the livelihoods of people especially the poor. Land contamination from solid waste disposal continues to grow as an environmental problem. Zambia needs to take bold measures if it is to meet MDG 7. Although modest efforts to create a supportive environment are being made, there is still need for further impetus to enable Zambia to fully integrate principles of sustainable development in order to achieve environmental sustainability. Vision : “A productive environment and well-conserved natural resources for sustainable socio-economic development by 2030” Goal : To reduce the rate of deforestation, wildlife depletion and degradation of heritage sites, land wetlands. From the study, responses showed that, the area lacks proper care on the environment with only a few households managing their environment accordingly. About 70% of the population were subjected to poor conditions of living.

ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY.

NATIONAL MDG GOALS AND TARGETS Will targets be met? MDG 1: Extreme poverty Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty. MDG 1: Hunger Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. MDG 2: Universal Primary Education Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able complete a full course of primary schooling. MDG 3: Gender equality Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later than 2015. MDG 4: Child mortality Target 5: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

NATIONAL MDG GOALS AND TARGETS MDG 5: Maternal mortality Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. MDG 6: HIV/AIDS Target 7: Have halted, by 2015, and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. MDG 6: Malaria & other major diseases Target 8: Have halted, by 2015, and begun to reverse, the incidence of malaria and other major diseases. MDG 7: Environmental sustainability Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources. MDG 7: Water & sanitation Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE AREA. Statistics from the study indicated that, the said ward has had no major developmental projects for some time since the last project of toilet construction in the area. Government through the local government department has the mandate to continue to accelerate public and private sector investment through necessary public infrastructure development, construction, rehabilitation and upgrading of access roads, water systems, airports and airstrips, electricity and ICT among others.

CHALLENGES FACED IN THE AREA The Nsansa ward of chingola district according to the study revealed that, the area has challenges. These challenges included among others: Poor water supply and sanitation, poor drainage system, poor road network, no garbage disposal/ collection, unemployment, lack of sponsorship to acquire the higher educational training by school leavers and poor security I system in the area. In general, water supply and sanitation service coverage was still very low with no proper sewerage schemes in existence and most requiring major rehabilitation. Drainage systems are either inadequate or non-existent, resulting in unhealthy living conditions in the said areas. The situation is exacerbated by weak institutional capacity, ineffective cost recovery mechanisms and poor community attitudes towards waste disposal.

SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE COMMUNITY SITUATION With the vision of the MDGs to help lift more than one billion people out of extreme poverty, to make inroads against hunger, to enable more girls to attend school than ever before, to protect our planet and as well as to support the Vision of having: “A Zambia where all users have access to water and sanitation and utilise them in an efficient and sustainable manner for wealth creation and improved livelihood by 2030” by providing adequate, safe and cost effective water supply and sanitation services with due regard to environmental issues. The community however needs: a) Strengthened human, technical and financial capacity of institutions for improved water supply and sanitation service delivery in the ward area. b) Enhanced Solid Waste Management and institutional management systems- by Enhancing institutional capacity of Councils in the implementation of Water Drainage Infrastructure Development. c)Improved road network, proper garbage disposal/ collection, creation of employment, offer sponsorships to school leavers to acquire the higher educational training and provide proper security system in the area.

DEVELOPMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE WARD AREA.

LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY It was challenging to find households having lived in the same community for five years from 2006 to 2011 because of continuous migration of the residents in rented houses so as to assess the impact of the MDGs in the said area. However, effort was made to replace households that did not meet the selection criteria of having lived in a community with those that met the criteria

CONCLUSION The MDG status at a glance shows that the MDG targets on hunger, universal primary education, gender equality, maternal health, and HIV and AIDS are likely to be achieved by 2015. It further shows that Zambia has the potential to achieve the MDG targets on extreme poverty, child mortality, malaria and other major diseases, and water and sanitation. Only one MDG target on ensuring environmental sustainability is unlikely to be achieved. • However, Zambia needs to take bold measures if it is to meet MDG 7. Although efforts to create a supportive environment are being made, there is still need for further impetus to enable Zambia to fully integrate principles of sustainable development in order to achieve environmental sustainability. • Encouraging effective community participation and stakeholder involvement in the design, operation and management of water supply and sanitation facilities and hence contribute greatly to the wellbeing of the community everywhere.

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