Communication Contexts n Interpersonal n Health n Intrapersonal

Communication Contexts n Interpersonal n Health n Intrapersonal n Public n Group n Public n Mass n Organizational Relations

Communication Characteristics n Process n Channel n Source n Feedback n Transmission n Noise n Source n Environment n Receiver n Context n Message n FOE n Encode n Ethics n Decode n Competency

n Principles Ethics of conduct that help govern behaviors of individuals and groups that often arise from a community’s perspective of good or bad behaviors (Martin & Nakayama) n Decision of Points (Kreps) n 1. Tell the truth. n 2. Do no harm n 3. Treat people

ORGANIZATION A living, open system connected by the flow of information between and among people who occupy various roles and positions. (Goldhaber) n The planned coordination of the collective activities of two or more people who, functioning on a relatively continuous basis and through division of labor and a hierarchy of authority, seek to achieve a common goal or set of goals. (Robins ) n

Organizational Changes n Organizational Structure n Management Style n Information Technology n Competition n Communication

Organizational Changes n Organizational Structure – Hierarchal & Tall to PDM, Flat, & Matrix (Team) n Hierarchy (Greek meaning sacred rule) system of ranking & organizing things & people, creating division of labor land centralized control

Organizational Changes n Management Styles – Authoritative to Coaching or Empowered – Classical to Human Resources n Information Technology – Limited, Static to Pervasive, Essential n Competition – Local, National to Global n Communication – Top Down to Multi-directional

Types of Organizations n Profit vs. non profit n Small business vs. corporate n Commercial vs. education

Organizational vs. Group n Complexity n Structure/hierarchy n Multiple voices n Multiple goals n Nature of relationships ([im] personal) n Culture (history, tradition, & shared exp. )

Common Definitional Points n OC occurs w/in a complex open system which is influenced by and influences its environments, both internal & external. n OC involves messages & their flow, purpose, direction, and media. n OC involves people & their attitudes, feelings, relationships, behaviors, & skills.

Organizational Communication The process of creating and exchanging messages within a network of interdependent relationships to cope with environmental uncertainty (Goldhaber)

Components Definition Process-ongoing (continuous) n Message (consider) – Participants – Modality – Method of diffusion (channel) • F 2 F, oral, written, technology – Purpose (function) • Task • Maintenance • Human-relational • Innovative-creativity n

Modality-Nonverbal n Nonverbal communication includes all aspects of communication other than spoken or written words themselves (expressed by other than linguistic means).

Nonverbal Communication Verbal+Vocal+Bodied=Total Message Words+Paralinguistic+Kinesics 7% + 38% + 55% = (Mehrabian Equation) 100%

Nonverbal Communication n One cannot, not communicate. n Nonverbal communication can be ambiguous. – Meanings vary over time. – Meanings vary according to context. – Meanings vary according to relationships. – Nonverbal communication is guided by rules particular to a culture.

Nonverbal Communication n NV communication can interact with verbal com – Can repeat – May highlight – May complement – May contradict – Can substitute – Sometimes more believable

Nonverbal Communication n Nonverbal communicative behavior can regulate interaction. n Nonverbal communicative behavior can establish relationship level meanings. n Nonverbal communication reflects culture values and is culture bound.

Categories of Nonverbal Com Kinesics-posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact (oculesics) Paralanguage-pitch, rate, volume, inflection, Haptics-touch (appropriate and inappropriate) Proxemics-space (personal and public) Environment-room shape, arrangement, access, lighting, noise, color, seating arrangement Presentation-physical appearance and clothing choice Artifacts-personal objects that reflect and announce identity; how we personalize our space

Definition Components n Network-creation & exchange of messages among individuals that takes place over set pathways – – Roles Formality Direction (horizontal, upward, downward) Serial process-efficiency Interdependence-interrelated parts n Relationships-connected by people & comm. n Environment-internal & external n Uncertainty-equivocality/ambiguity-coping n

Organizational Communication The process of creating and exchanging messages within a network of interdependent relationships to cope with environmental uncertainty (Goldhaber)

WIIO’S LAWS OF COMMUNICATION Communication usually fails, except by chance. § If a message can be understood in different ways, it will be understood in just that way which does the most harm. § There is always somebody who knows better than you what you meant by your message. § The more communication there is, the more difficult it is for communication succeed. §

Reasons for Comm Failure n Inadequate information n Information overload n Poor quality information n Poor timing n Lack of feedback or follow-up n Problems with channel choice

Reasons for Comm Failure n Incompetent communication n Ineffective goal setting n Communication anxiety n Lack of retention n Language barriers n Noise n Unethical communication