Common Ion Effect The shift in equilibrium that

Common Ion Effect The shift in equilibrium that occurs because of the addition of an ion already involved in the equilibrium reaction. Ag. Cl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl (aq) Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1

A Buffered Solution. . . resists change in its p. H when either H+ or OH are added. 1. 0 L of 0. 50 M H 3 CCOOH + 0. 50 M H 3 CCOONa p. H = 4. 74 Adding 0. 010 mol solid Na. OH raises the p. H of the solution to 4. 76, a very minor change. Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2

Key Points on Buffered Solutions 1. 2. They are weak acids or bases containing a common ion. After addition of strong acid or base, deal with stoichiometry first, then equilibrium. Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Useful for calculating p. H when the [A ]/[HA] ratios are known.

Buffered Solution Characteristics Buffers contain relatively large amounts of weak acid and corresponding base. Added H+ reacts to completion with the weak base. Added OH reacts to completion with the weak acid. The p. H is determined by the ratio of the concentrations of the weak acid and weak base. Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5

Buffering Capacity. . . represents the amount of H+ or OH the buffer can

Titration (p. H) Curve A plot of p. H of the solution being analyzed as a function of the amount of titrant added. Equivalence (stoichiometric) point: Enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the solution being analyzed. Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7

Weak Acid - Strong Base Titration Step 1 - A stoichiometry problem - reaction is assumed to run to completion - then determine remaining species. Step 2 - An equilibrium problem - determine position of weak acid equilibrium and calculate p. H. Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8

Acid-Base Indicator . . . marks the end point of a titration by changing color. The equivalence point is not necessarily the same as the end point. Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9

Solubility Product For solids dissolving to form aqueous solutions. Bi 2 S 3(s) 2 Bi 3+(aq) + 3 S 2 (aq) Ksp = solubility product constant and Ksp = [Bi 3+]2[S 2 ]3 Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10

Solubility Product “Solubility” = s = concentration of Bi 2 S 3 that dissolves, which equals 1/2[Bi 3+] and 1/3[S 2 ]. Note: Ksp is constant (at a given temperature) s is variable (especially with a common ion present) Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11

Equilibria Involving Complex Ions Complex Ion: A charged species consisting of a metal ion surrounded by ligands (Lewis bases). Coordination Number: Number of ligands attached to a metal ion. (Most common are 6 and 4. ) Formation (Stability) Constants: The equilibrium constants characterizing the stepwise addition of ligands to metal ions. Copyright© 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12