COLUMBIAN EXCHANGES EUROPE THE AMERICAS AFRICA 1450 1750

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGES EUROPE, THE AMERICAS & AFRICA 1450 - 1750

THEMES & SKILLS TO USE n Theme: Interaction • Wars, Diplomacy • Exchanges n n n Economic Biological Intellectual • Movement n Theme: Change over time • • • n Social Structures Demography Environment State Structures Commerce/Industry Technology Skills: Compare and Contrast

THE AGE OF RECONNAISSANCE 1425 – 1600 C. E. n Motivations (3 C’s or 3 G’s) • • • n Commerce: Rivalry with Italian cities Conquest: War against pagans, heathens Christianity: Spread the faith Gold: Africa wet the appetite Glory: Path to nobility, honors God: Competition with Islam Competition from Muslims • Ottoman Empire taxed trade • Trans-Eurasian trade dominated by Muslims • Europeans increasingly marginalized in trade

WORLD IN 1500 C. E.

IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY n European Mechanisms • Weapons of War n n n Cannons and Guns Horses Armor • Ships n n Galleons Caravels • Shipbuilding techniques n n n Use high bows, rudders Movable sails Designed to sail Atlantic • Maritime navigation n n Astrolabe: Use stars to navigate Maps, charts were of highest calibre Schools to teach navigation American Technology stagnated in Stone Age African Technology lagged behind West

THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION n The Renaissance • Explorers were Renaissance n n n Individualism Accomplishments Rewards • Age exchanged ideas n n n Geography, navigation New navigation tools Myth of Prester John • African Christian king • Europeans seeking allies against Muslims n Travels of Marco Polo • Italian who opened imagination to East • Problem was how to get to China, bypassing Muslims n The Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa • • His gift of gold depressed world prices Gave evidence of wealth to be obtained in Africa

COLUMBIAN BIOLOGICAL EXCHANGE FORMS OF BIOLOGICAL LIFE GOING FROM/TO Old World to New World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold Animals: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Plants: Humans: New World to Old World: Syphilis Sparrows Chickens Honey Bees Rice Wheat Barley Oats Rye Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Europeans: Iberians, English, French, Dutch West Africans especially Forest, Congo peoples Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White, Red, & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

PORTUGUESE BEGINNINGS n Causes for Expansion • The Reconquista of Iberia n Participated in expelling Muslims • Portuguese had a crusade mentality • Had great training, experience n Continued war across seas • Ottoman Empire spreading n n Invaded Eastern Europe Pushing into Middle East, North Africa • Italian trade monopoly with Muslims n Beginnings • Conquest of Cueta (N. Africa) n n Seized city to get at Morocco Moved down coast to block Muslims • The Navigators n Henry the Navigator • Brother of Portuguese king • Given royal support, unlimited funds n Set up an academy to train navigators • • • Bartholomew Diaz (Cape of Good Hope) Vasco da Gama (to India) Cabral (to Brazil)

THE PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA n Portuguese settle Azores • • • n Base for leaping off overseas Used as model for colonization Sugar, vineyards drive economy 1414: Portuguese take Ceuta • Port on Moroccan coast • Discovered Moroccan trade with Africa • African gold flowed to Morocco n Prince Henry the Navigator • Sets up school of navigation • Goals n n n Get into Africa Tap African wealth Find allies against Muslims Bypass Muslims 1487: Cape of Good Hope 1497: India Reached

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA n Forest Kingdoms • West Africa: Ife-Ife, Benin, Yoruba, Ashante • Central Africa: Kongo n State and economic structures • Divine Right Monarchies assisted by aristocrats n n Rulers often isolated figures surrounded by advisors Power concentrated in families, advisors • Commerce n n Land owned by rulers, groups; women often farmed Trade with Sahel: gold, ivory, slaves for finished goods Local manufacturing jealously guarded by artisan clans Arrival of Portuguese (Later Dutch, English, French, Spanish) • Introduced new religious, cultural ideas • Introduced new weapons and manufactured goods n n n Reoriented trade away from north to coasts, European Atlantic trade Trade: Swap of slaves for weapons African kings retained control of land side of slave trade • Warfare increased as states sought to acquire slaves to export n n States created large armies trained to use firearms Slaving increased violence and stagnated population growth • Europeans introduced American foodstuffs into Africa n n Yams, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes Increased population almost totally taken up into slave trade

COLUMBUS n Spain jealous of Portugal • Portuguese keep routes secret • Portugal growing rich n n n Castile and Canaries • • • Canaries settled by Castilians Set patterns for future colonization Natives enslaved, decimated by diseases Land divided amongst conquerors Sugar became primary crop • • Columbus lands in Bahamas Makes four voyages to Caribbean Establishes forts in Hispaniola Enslaves Taino Indians Castile seek route to Asia Spanish Caribbean Smallpox begins to spread Sugar Plantations established Successors search for routes, wealth

SPAIN CONQUERS AZTECS n By 1521: Spain knows of Aztecs • • n Rumors of wealth, influence Spanish ships had visited coasts Hernando Cortés and expedition • Unsanctioned expedition • Problems for the Aztecs n n Tlaxcala/Totonacs allied with Spanish Religion predicted disaster in 1521 Diseases spread immediately Spanish weapons, horses • The Encomienda established n n n Parceled out lands with Indians as estates Established feudalism in Americas Catholicism and Crown arrive • Crown gets a tenth of profits • Appoints governors, courts • Church becomes protector of Indians

CORTES ARRIVES IN MEXICO

SPAIN CONQUERS PERU n n Conquistadors push out in all directions Francisco Pizarro hears rumors of Inca • Unofficial expedition sets out to conquer • The Inca after cooperating, resist for years n n n Huana Capac Huascar The Crown Arrives • Americas divided up into viceroys • Audencias become the courts • Capital established at Lima n Mercantilism • Colonies exist to benefit Spain • Trade funneled through Spain • Finished goods came from Spain n Silver • • • Wealthy deposits in Mexico, Peru Mexican silver crucial to East Asia Peruvian silver flows into Europe

PORTUGUESE BRAZIL n Cabral's 'discovery' (1500) • • • n Portuguese visit South America Establish colonies, explore area Dutch, French interested Piracy results Spain, Portugal drive rivals out King grants estates • Governor oversees it n n 100, 000 immigrants Sugar plantations • African slaves replace Indians n Church missions • Church reaches out to Indians • Missions in interior of continent • Missions transmit culture, faith, technology n Treaty of Tordesillas (1498) divides world

THE IBERIAN WORLD

IMPACT: NEW WORLD ORDER n Europeans in the Americas • Dutch, French, English explorers followed n n n Fishermen had visited coasts early • Spread diseases throughout area • Whole Indian villages decimated, abandoned Explored North America, route to Asia French, English, Dutch establish colonies • Colonies were settler colonies • Many Europeans immigrated to Americas • Colonies were largely agricultural • Warfare over Americas n n n Contest for colonies lasted over 300 years This was the Golden Age of Piracy Spain, Portugal lost lands in Americas often causes of European wars Europeans in Africa • Europeans establish coastal entrepots n n Diseases prevented European control African kings, states controlled inland trade • Exchange of guns, goods for slaves n n n Europeans dominate Atlantic Ocean, coasts Americas become part of the Balance of Power concept International Law develops

IMPACT: DEMOGRAPHY n Demographic Transition • Population decimated n n Diseases wide spread Warfare, killings, genocide • Flora, fauna exchanged n Americas • Diseases decimate Indians n Population by 1600 declined 95% • Conquistadors, Indians intermarry • Europeans, European animals arrive n n Many areas become neo-Europes European culture transplanted to Americas • Peopling of the Americas n n n English, Scots-Irish, Dutch, French settle North America Spanish, Portuguese settle Latin America Africans tend to occupy humid, tropical coasts Indians relegated to uplands, inlands, unproductive areas Europe • American foods boost European populations • Many Atlantic European states double, triple populations • European cities associated with trade grow n Africa • • Slave trade established between Africa, Americas Between 20 -50 million Africans sold into slavery West Africa population stagnates American food crops make African populations healthier

IMPACT: SOCIAL n In Europe • Increased European urbanization • Rise of entrepot (port) cities • Growth of European middle classes n n Begun during Post-Classical Period Commerce sped up development in England, France, Holland Not true in Spain as nobility status prohibited working with hands Iberia re-exported gold to north in exchange for their manufactured goods • American wealth impoverished some European groups n n n Price revolution hurt peasants, serfs, landed aristocrats These groups were often on fixed incomes, payments in kind In the Americas • Difficult to transfer European social structure to colonies n n n American environment weakened traditional European society Marginalized peoples in Europe tended to settle frontier Best lands reserved for immigrants from highest European classes • American creoles arose n n Descendent of Europeans born in Americas; majority of whites in Americas Wealth, influence: monopolized all jobs except political positions True of Spanish, Portuguese, English, French colonies Iberians limited influence of creoles; English had social, political influence • Intermarriage produces mixed groups n n Groups had more rights than Indians, Africans Common in Spanish, Portuguese, French colonies but not in British, Dutch • Indians, African slaves marginalized, often ignored in society n In Africa • Key slaving states arose and controlled trade out of Africa • Social groups stagnated – little new blood, chance for change • Slaver states raided neighboring states for any, all people to sell

LATIN AMERICAN CASTES n n Latin American casted colonial society arose European born whites at top with creole whites next • True of Spanish, Portuguese, and French society • Hierarchy based on degree of miscegenation n n n European and Indian – mestizo Indian and African – zambo African and zamba - zambo prieto European and African - mulato European and female mulato - morisco European and female morisco - albino European and female albino - saltatrás (o saltapatrás) Mestizo and Indian - coyote European and female coyote - harnizo Coyote and female Indian - chamizo Oriental and female Indian - cambujo Cambujo and female Indian - tente en el aire Tente en el aire with female Oriental - no te entiendo Mulato with tente en el aire - albarasado

IMPACT: COMMERCE n The First Global Trade Network • European exploration, conquests link world • Constant exchange of goods n Many triangular trade networks • Europe to Africa to Americas to Europe n n Mercantilism becomes common practice Free trade not accepted norm • European port cities become center of trade • Piracy flourishes to circumvent restrictions n Items introduced to globe • New food stuffs: 2/3 of all foods are American • Many luxury items from Americas: gems, silver, gold n n n American silver dominates the world esp. East Asia Yearly silver galleon from Acapulco to Manila was critical Old World flora, fauna established in Americas • Sugar, rice, wheat, barley, rye, coffee, indigo, grapes • Cattle, sheep, horses, chickens, dogs, cats, birds n Commercial Revolution, Price Revolution were results • Joint Stock Companies helped exploit wealth • European capital often originated in American wealth n African capital tied up into slave trade • Capital which could be used for development went into slave trade • Slaves = “cash crop” for export, states become “one crop nations” • Africans trade for technology but do not develop their own

EARLY MODERN TRADE ROUTES

AMERICAN ECONOMIES n Vertical Zonation impacts colonization • • n Hot, lowlands grow sugar; Africans Temperate zone for ranching; European Colder Uplands grew potatoes; Indian Intermixing between zones Commercial economies dominate • Cash crops for export become critical • Ranching, cattle, and sheep in lands

THE SLAVE TRADES

TRIANGULAR TRADES? Old model is too simplistic EUROPE: SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE Provides: Capital, Manufactured goods Takes: Gold, Silver, Gems, Rum, Primary Products ANGLO-NORTH AMERICA Provides: Rum, Primary Products Takes: Slaves, Manufactured Goods EAST ASIA/PHILIPPINES Provides: Tea, Silk, Porcelain Takes: Mexican Silver WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Provides: Slaves Takes: Manufactured Goods LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN Provides: Slaves, Primary Products Takes: Slaves, Manufactured Goods

IMPACT: RELIGIOUS n Spread of Christianity in Americas • Catholicism most active, aggressive n n Missionaries followed conquest • • • Catholic Church becomes Indian protector Whole tribes converted to Catholicism Conversion brought with it European culture Conversion aided by Indian mindset, Virgin • Diseases, success of Spanish as proof of God’s power • Virgin appeared in Mexico • Spread of Protestantism n n Entered area with English, Dutch Often confined to upper North America • Decline of ethnic faiths, traditions n n n Both Catholics, Protestants attack native faiths Many ethnic faiths went underground Ethnic traditions creep into Christian traditions • Later missionaries spread past colonial borders n Catholicism in Africa • Portuguese convert some forest states elites to Catholicism n n Many local kings see religious conversion as benefit for them Placed Portuguese, Africans on equal footing Kongoan kings even communicate with Popes oppose slavery especially of Christian Africans • Catholics attempt to convert Ethiopia unsuccessful

IMPACT: INTELLECTUAL n Discovery of Americas creates dilemmas • Moral certainty n n n No mention of Indians, Americas in Bible Innocence, trusting nature of Indians Different colors, animals astound European imagination • Durer cried when he saw a quetzal bird’s colors • Aztec artifacts challenged European mindset n Racism begins to surface • Superiority questioned n Indians were civilized • • • n Art, architecture were monumental Mayan, Aztec astronomy extremely advanced Very hard for Europeans to ignore Was Aztec brutality different from European? • Europeans waged dynastic wars, crusades • Was their example any different from Aztecs n Philosophy impacted • Noble Savage concept • State of nature • Social contract

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING n Compare interactions during the Early Modern Period in any two of these regions: • • n Anglo-North America Latin America West Africa Western Europe Compare state structures in any two of these regions during the Early Modern Period: • Latin America • West Africa • Western Europe

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING n Between 1450 and 1750, trace changes to society in any one region: • • • n West Africa Western Europe Latin America Between 1450 and 1750, trace the changes to demography and the environment in any one region: • Western Europe • Latin America • West Africa n Trace the development of commerce and trade during the Early Modern period in any one of these regions: • • • Latin America West Africa Western Europe

WEBSITES n Age of Exploration • http: //www. historyguide. org/earlymod/exploration. html n The Conquest of Caliban • http: //phobos. ramapo. edu/~rchristo/caliban_f 04. htm n Columbian Exchange DBQ • http: //ctah. binghamton. edu/student/jaku/caseyprint. html n Latin American History Web • http: //www. coas. uncc. edu/latinamerican/latinhistory/