Colonization and Settlement of North America ANTHONY ARCHABAULT
Colonization and Settlement of North America ANTHONY ARCHABAULT ALEXANDRA ELWELL REBECCA GERACI
United States Massachusetts Bay Colony
Groups and People �Pilgrims (Puritans) landed 1620 in Plymouth County �Governor William Bradford led Plymouth Pilgrims �Many English settlers in late 17 th century
Native Tribes �Massachusetts, Nanset, and Wampanoag Mohican occupied western part as well as some Mohawks �total population by 1620 estimated 7000
Government �Theocratic Government- est. by Puritans franchise limited to church members
Massachusetts Bay Company �Founded 1629 by King Charles I empowered colonization and trade between New England between the Charles and Merrimack Rivers � 1684 - Annulment between company and Puritans ended charter � 1691 - Royal government established under new charter Merged Plymouth colony and Maine in Massachusetts Bay Colony �Early 18 th Century- temporary imperial government which helped commerce supported British expeditions against French Canada supply contracts boosted economy during Seven Years War � 1692 -1774 - Became economically the most important colony
Economic Enterprises � Trade of Beaver skins and fur were originally major but ended after the outbreak of the English Revolution of 1640 � Farming in 17 th century became major � Ship building and Atlantic commerce brought in great revenue � 1763 - post war recession occurred tight trade regulations raising revenue elimination of key areas of colonial political autonomy
Interactions with Indigenous People �King Philip's War- 1675 in Springfield, MA attacked all buildings and destroyed many �Miles Morgan helped save residents no one died in Springfield area � 600 colonists and 3000 Natives died in all February 29, 1704 - Deerfield Raid which the town of Deerfield was brutally attacked by natives
Colony of Virginia
Groups and People �English settled Jamestown 1607 �Powhatan (Algonquin), Nottoway, Meherrin, and Piedmont Indians
Government �Thomas West and Baron De La Warr governed until 1611 �Captain John Smith saved the colony from starvation self governing state had the governors �House of Burgesses �Royal Colony because England had complete control restricted powers of the House �Patrick Henry presented a resolution led to the Stamp Act of 1765
House of Burgesses �met July 30, 1619 in Jamestown � 22 members, governor appointed by officials of Virginia Company of London �Governor appointed 6 members to be council � 15 members elected by Colony (17 yrs or older must own land) �lasted until 1624
Economic Enterprises �John Rolfe helped export crops for revenue - agriculture since 1607 Jamestown -tobacco -wheat became second largest export in 18 th century � beef, pork, poultry and dairy products
�Jamestown colonists developed gristmills to grind grain into powder to make bread �Merchant Mills bought grains turned them into a grist or meal to make flour for export � 1609 - mined Iron Ore near Jamestown � 1619 - first ironworks established on James River �Lead became another important metal mined made into bullets
Indigenous People �Natives at first attacked an English ship before they landed �Indians offered food after attack and hospitality �Colonists began searching for wealth and became dependent on natives for food �Captain John Smith explored areas and established trade with locals took things by force � 1609, English didn't return hospitality to natives, natives attacked settlers and killed their livestock and burned majority of their crops
�ca. 1629 colonists began search and destroy raids in Indian settlements. Burned villages and destroyed their crops �Captured Powhatin's daughter Pocahontas who married John Rolfe and helped relations between Natives and colonists �With colonial expansion, destruction of land game, Indians led by Powhatin's brother Opechancanough in 1622 killed about 350 colonists
Colony of Pennsylvania
Groups and People �Germans 1727 �Scot/Irish 1717 �Africans ca. 1730 s (slavery) �William Penn also English Quaker, founded PA 1682 �George Fox, who was a Quaker preacher, helped PA �Quakers- refused to pay taxes and fight wars; founded by Fox �Monogoloid Natives, the Delawares, Susquehannocks (Iroquois), Shawnees (Algonquin) natives in the area
Government � 1681 - government established by William Penn William Markham the deputy governor �December 4 th, 1682 - Penn summoned General Assembly to Chester, PA region �December 7 th, 1682 - Naturalization Act adopted Great Law, humanitarian code developed because of basis of PA law
Economic Enterprises � 1750 s- wheat, corn, rye, hemp and flax were exported for profit �shipbuilding, iron, pig iron, printing, publishing, paper making, sawmills, gristmills, leather tanning, hunting rifles, �Conestoga wagon (major invention could carry 4 tons) �traded with natives fur, sale of farming products �Art and Culture PA referred to as "Athens of America" in colonial times
Indigenous People �native Americans and people of Colonial PA were living equally �worked well with Lenni-Lenape natives
Canada
� 1534 � Cartier Lands
Native Peoples
“Battle of the Fur” France Britain
Fur Trade
� Loyalist Played a Large Role in who settled in Canada.
The Conquest of the Aztec Empire and The Yucatan by Spain
A Brief History… � 1110 The Mexica travel from their northern homeland of Aztlan. � 1110 -1248 The Mexica roam the area now Mexico � 1248 Mexica settle near Lake Texcoco, in Chapultepec soon expelled by the Tepanecs � 1299 Mexica settle in Tizapan, permission of the Culhuacan ruler Cocoxtli. � 1325 Tenochtitlán is settled by the Mexica
Aztec Empire
A Brief History… �Ruled from 1428 -1521 �First city Tenochtitlan Heart of Aztec Empire Present day Mexico City �Made alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan Ruled until Spanish arrived
�City of Tenochtitlan was a military power Spearheaded conquest of new territory �Aztec Empire did not rule each state directly Local governments in place Pay tribute to Triple Alliance
The Government
Influence of Religion �Complex system of gods, dates and directions �Took Gods 5 days to create the world �Highly focused on the nature of balance �Give blood sacrifices to the Warrior Sun God �Believe that Gods go to fight battle of darkness or become reincarnated into animals or insects
The Spaniards Arrive �March 4 1519 – Spaniards Arrive in Veracruz �Cortes sinks all the ships except one small vessel moves to the city-state of Tlaxcala. �Generally speaking they begin on friendly terms. �The Spanish went on to Cholula. many people in the city were killed
�Cortes takes charge and demands tribute and some Roman Catholic shrines to replace the Aztec gods. �Aztecs revolt, driving the Spanish from the city. �Cuitláhuac becomes emperor. �The Spanish go to Tlaxcala and make an alliance �Aztec cities are conquered siege of Tenochtitlán begins � 1521 Aug. 13 The last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, surrenders to Cortes.
Disease �Smallpox, contracted by Cortes’ army affected the Aztecs. �Spread like wildfire through the tribes �Houses were knocked down over bodies � 25% of the empire was lost to the disease
Spanish Influence �Loss of gold �Destruction of the Gods and Religion Became a catholic society Influence of European �Prisoners were made into manual labors �Raw materials and wealth taken
Yucatan Empire
A Brief History… � 1511 – A small vessel carrying Spaniards landed in Maya Empire Spaniards divided up into slaves and workers of Mayan Empire � 1517 – Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba sailed from Cuba In search of slaves �Diego Velazquez ordered expedition �Prompted Cortes in 1519
Mayan Gods Itzamná, the creator god, the god of the fire and god of the hearth. Kukulcán, the Feathered Serpent
Chac, a hooked-nose god of rain and lightning Bolon Tzacab, branching nose and has sceptre in rulers' hands.
Mayan Religion �afterlife consisted primarily of a dangerous voyage of the soul through the underworld represented by the jaguar, symbol of night �science and religion were one and the same �Mayan cosmology had it that the world had been created five times and destroyed four times.
Mayan Calendar
First Attempt to Conquer � 1526 Francisco de Mentejo successfully petitioned the King of Spain for the right to conquer Yucatán. � Arrived in eastern Yucatán in 1527 Found deserted towns and cities �The Spanish set up a small fort on the coast at Xamanha in 1528. � Montejo went to Mexico to gather a larger army.
Second Attempt to Conquer �Montejo returned in 1531 � sent his son Francisco Montejo the Younger inland with an army. The leaders of some Maya states pledged that they would be his allies. �He continued on to Chichen Itza, which he declared his Royal capital of Spanish Yucatán, �locals rose up against him �Spanish force fled to Honduras � 1535, Montejo withdrew his forces to Veracruz, leaving the Yucatán once again completely in the control of the Maya.
Final Attempt to Conquer � Montejo the Elder turned his royal rights in Yucatán over to his son, Francisco Montejo the Younger. � The younger Montejo invaded Yucatán with a large force in 1540. � 1542, he set up his capital in Merida � The lord of the Tutal Xiu of Mani converted to Christianity. � The Xiu dominated most of Western Yucatán Became valuable allies � Spanish and Xiu defeated an army of the combined forces of the states of Eastern Yucatán in 1546 the conquest was officially complete � Periodic revolts put down by Spanish troops and Indian auxilaries, continued throughout the Spanish colonial era.
Yucatan Peninsula Conquest �Took almost 170 years. �The whole process could have taken longer were it not for three separate epidemics that took a heavy toll on the Native Americans killing almost 75% of the population causing the collapse of Mesoamerican cultures Those who survived converted to Christianity and made slaves � Spanish wanted to “save them” �Old World diseases smallpox caused the death of 90 to 95 percent
Sources � http: //www. jstor. org/discover/10. 2307/20177370? uid=2129&uid=17242360&uid= 3739696&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3&uid=16751440&uid=67&uid=62&uid=3739256&s id=21101302992027 � http: //www. usahistory. info/colonies/Pennsylvania. html � http: //books. google. com/books? id=6 c 0 p. AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA 141&dq=Killed+march +26, +1676&ei=RRw. STOvw. EZXOM 9 OQ 1 NYI&cd=10#v=onepage&q=Killed%20 mar ch%2026%2 C%201676&f=false � http: //www. city-data. com/states/Massachusetts-History. html � http: //www. loc. gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/prese ntations/timeline/colonial/indians/ � http: //www. nps. gov/nr/travel/vamainstreet/agriculture. HTM � http: //www. socialstudiesforkids. com/articles/ushistory/houseofburgesses. htm
Sources Continued �ww. nichbelize. org/ia-archaeology/the-spanish- conquest-and-its-aftermath. html �http: //www. gutenberg. org/ebooks/33231 �http: //www. princeton. edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki 100 k/docs/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C 3%A 1 n. html
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