Colonial Model Overview The Rise of the Nation

Colonial Model Overview

The Rise of the Nation State Rise of Nation States –What are the characteristics of a nation state? How are nation states formed? Characteristics: • NATION: Common culture (language, religion, ethnicity, etc) • STATE: Standing army created & maintained to establish/maintain sovereignty (requires money) • STATE: Growing administrative bureaucracy to collect taxes and manage the state (requires money) *Rise of nation states = need for revenue ($)

Spanish Domestic Overview 1469 Spain unified into a nation state Ferdinand & Isabella Allied with the Church in Rome 1481 Spanish Inquisition Spain purged of Jews & Muslims consolidate authority confiscate property ($$$) create a common culture 1492 The Golden Age of Spain Key events in order of importance 3. Voyage of Columbus 2. Inquisition completed 1. Reconquista after 700+ years

Spanish Strengths & Weaknesses • Spain is unified after Inquisition & Reconquista • Large # of military veterans and a sizable military caste (Hidalgos) • Militant clergy with the Church’s blessing • Experience with colonization in the Canary Islands (disease, forced labor, slavery) • Interaction in the Mediterranean Sea with Italians & Muslim merchants • Military advantages: firearms, horses, war dogs, armor

Spanish Colonial Model Colonial Organization • No tradition of democracy or upward social mobility • Spain total control over colonies • Organized into viceroyalties with a crown appointed governor • Transplanted rigid Spanish caste system • Utilized the Mission/Presidio System • Church had vast power & wealth

Spanish Colonial Model Interaction with Native Americans • Forced conversions & labor via the Encomienda System (NAs = vassals) • NAs resented & resisted conversions • Intermarriage over time = mestizos • Gradual incorporation of some NA spiritual practices into the Catholic faith

French Domestic Overview Political & Religious Turmoil • Hundred Years War • French Wars of Religion Desire to build a nation state drove French Kings to fund exploration • Verrazano • Cartier • Samuel de Champlain

French Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths: • Large country • Large population • Large bureaucracy that helped monarchs survive frequent wars Weaknesses: • Frequent wars

French Colonial Model Organization: • Almost exclusively a commercial endeavor (Furs & Fishing) • Sent the fewest # of settlers • Utilized inland waterways • No tradition of democracy or political participation

French Colonial Model Interaction with Native Americans • Early dependence on NAs for survival & profit (furs) • Intermarried with NAs early on • Acted as a “new tribe” • First to trade guns with NAs • Religion – No forced conversions, Jesuits lived among the NAs, learned the language

English Domestic Overview Political & Religious Turmoil • 1455 -85 War of the Roses (Civil War) • 1485 Henry VII establishes the Tudor Dynasty • 1497 John Cabot claims lands in North America for England • 1509 -47 Henry VIII builds a nation state (needs $$$) • 1534 Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church and seizes church lands • 1559 -1603 Elizabeth I • At war with Spain for much of her reign, • 1585/87 Raleigh establishes Roanoke • 1588 Spanish Armada

English Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths: • Economic liberalism – Early commitment to centralized, market economy (banking with deposits, checks, investments) • Emerging capitalism with max profits, market determined pricing • History of limited government Weaknesses: • Early colonial efforts are privately funded • Motivation for some early colonists doomed colonists to suffering/death • Frequent threat from Spain

English Colonial Model Irish Experience • establishment of plantations (colonies) • expelled Irish from their lands • no mixing with Irish (or Indians) • English more sensitive to cultural differences

English Colonial Model In America: • few professional soldiers in the new world • many of the early colonies were private business ventures, not state sponsored • little positive interaction with Native Americans • early reliance on indentured servitude for labor, later largely replaced with African slave labor