COLOMBIA Colombia is the only country to border

COLOMBIA

• Colombia is the only country to border the Caribbean Sea.

A) The Land th • 26 biggest country (size) • Borders Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean (only one) • About ¾ the size of Alaska

1) Colombia’s Landforms • Narrow line of coastal lowlands. • Large plantations along Caribbean Sea. • In the west, thick forests cover the Pacific Lowlands. • Andes mts. , run through the center. • Major river is Magdalena(empties into the Caribbean sea) • Galeras (Volcano)- Erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations.

• Andes mountains in Colombia.

Colombia’s Landforms Con’t. • Most cities lie in valleys of mountainous areas. • Vast plains cover 60% of Colombia (SE) • Tropical Rainforest exists (toucans, parrots, and parakeets are found) • Very hot and steamy. • In NE you find hot grasslands called llanos (vocab word)

2) The Climate • High altitudes of Andes, it is very cool or cold for a tropical area. • Along the coast, very warm/hot. • Tropical Rainforest and Highland Climates

B) The Economy • GDP: 511 Billion (#29 in world) • Exports: #54 (petroleum, coal, emeralds, coffee, nickel, cut flowers, bananas) U. S. 39% • Imports: #53 (industrial equip. , trans. equip. , consumer goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels) U. S. 30%, China 12%, Mexico 10% • Unemployment Rate: 10. 4% • Population below poverty line: 34. 1%

B) The Economy • Ranks as 2 nd largest supplier of bananas in Latin America. • Most people work as farmers, factory workers, or miners. • Factories produce cars, machinery, clothing and food products. • Rich minerals (coal, iron ore, petroleum, and natural gas) • Produces 90% of the world’s emeralds.

• A picture of an Emerald.

1) Agriculture • Coffee is country’s major cash crop (vocab word) • Exports coffee, rice, tobacco, and cut flowers. • Huge herds of cattle. • Rainforest produces lumber (very important)

C) The People • • 45. 7 million people (#29 in world) Almost everybody speaks Spanish. Main religion- Roman Catholic 90% Ethnic groups- mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14% • Life Expectancy- 75. 02 yrs (#99) • Literacy Rate- 94% • Rapidly growing urban population

1) Independence • Gained independence in 1810 from Spain. • Simon Bolivar helped gain independence • Since 1950 Colombia has had a stable democratic gov’t.

D) Government • Republic • Current president- Juan Manuel Santos Calderon (since Aug. 7 2010) • Just like U. S. - 4 year term with chance of being re-elected to a second 4 year term. • Constitution- July 5 1991 (amended many times)

E) Waging War on Drugs • 5 decade long conflict b/w gov’t forces and FARC (funded by the drug trade) escalated during 1990’s. • Cocaine and heroin (Grown in Colombia) are a huge problem for Colombia and the U. S. (Smuggling) • Cocaine is made from the coca plant which is grown high up in the Andes. (Only grown in Col. , Bol. , Peru) • Paramilitaries are armed men hired by landowners and businesses to protect their workers. • In 2000, U. S. gave Colombia 1. 3 billion to help train its army to fight drugs. 21 million to Ecuador, 80 mill to Peru and 158 million to Bolivia to help out.

Chapter 9 Section 2 Peru and Ecuador

A) Peru • rd 3 largest country in area (SA) • Peru (Native American word) which means “land of abundance. ” • Has lots of mineral resources.

1) Land • Dry deserts, snowtopped mountains, hot and humid rainforests. • Cold Peru current in Pacific Ocean keeps temperatures fairly mild. • Andes mountains go through the center of Peru.

• Large plateau (altiplano) (vocab word) is in the southern region. • On Altiplano you see Lake Titicaca. • Eastern region has low foothills and flat plains. • Thick rainforests cover the plains area, also where Amazon River begins.

2) Economy • Major economic activity is farming. • Coffee, cotton, and sugarcane are major export crops. • World’s leading producers of copper, lead, silver, and zinc. • These minerals come from mines in the Andean Highlands.

3) The People • In 1400’s the Inca had a powerful civilization. • In 1530 the Spaniards defeated the Inca making Peru a Spanish Territory. • Gained independence from Spain in 1821. • 26. 1 million people, most live in cities and towns. • Lima is the largest and the capital city of Peru (7 million) • Has the largest Native American population in the Western Hemisphere.

B) ECUADOR • One of the smallest countries in South America. • Ecuador is the Spanish word for equator. • The equator runs right through Ecuador.

A Joke about M fans • A Michigan fan was sitting at a table reading the Newspaper, The headline read: "12 Brazilian Soldiers Killed. " He shook his head at the sad news, then turned to the man sitting next to him and asked, "How many is a Brazilian? " GO BUCKEYES

1) Land Economy • Along Pacific Coast (swamps, deserts, and fertile plains) • Andes run through the center of the country. • 50% of people live in valleys and plateaus of Andes. • Capital city is (Quito) which is 9, 000 feet above sea level. • Thick rainforests cover the eastern side.

• Most important economic activity is farming. • Bananas, cacao, sugarcane all grow in the coastal lowlands. • Port city (Guayaquil) is very important. • Andean Highlands grow coffee, beans, corn, potatoes, and wheat. • Major mineral export is petroleum

2) The People • 12. 2 million people • Most are Native American or mestizo ancestry. • 61% live in Urban areas.

Chapter 9 Section 3 Bolivia and Chile

A) Bolivia • Is landlocked, near the center of the continent. • The Andes mountains dominates Bolivia’s landscape. • People work hard to farm and extract minerals from the earth.

1) Land Climate • Bolivia has mountains, lowland plains, and tropical rainforests. • Western Bolivia has altiplano surrounded by the Andes (cool climate) • Few trees and land too dry to farm on. • South central has gentle sloping hills and broad valleys.

• • Continued South central has gentle sloping hills and broad valleys. Farms are more common in this area. Northern & Eastern has a vast lowland plain. Tropical forests, grasslands, and swamps are in this plain.

2) The Economy • Relies partly on (farming) • Farmers struggle to grow corn, potatoes, wheat, and quinoa. • Raise cattle for beef and llamas for wool. • Rich in minerals (Tin, copper, lead) • Get these minerals from mines in the Andes. • One of the world’s leading producers in tin.

3) The People • Bolivia has two capital cities. • 1) La Paz-Highest capital in the world (12000 feet above sea level) • 2) Sucre • 8 million people and most live in the Andean highlands • European and North American customs in the cities. • People that live in the country are Native Americans.

B) Chile • Long and narrow country along the Pacific Ocean. • Only 100 miles in width.

1) Land Climate • Many types of landforms. • North- Lies the Attacama Desert (very dry) • East- The Andes run along border with Argentina • Central- Called Central Valley (fertile soil and mild climate) Most people live here. • South- Very stormy region, has snowtipped volcanoes, thick forests and huge glaciers. • Far South- The Strait of Magellan

2) The Economy • Fastest growing economy in Latin America. • Copper is country’s most important resource and major export. • Chile is world’s leader in copper producer • Also mines gold, silver, iron ore, and sodium nitrate. • Agriculture and Manufacturing are also important.

• • 3) The People 15 million people 75% are mestizos 20% are of European Ancestry Speak Spanish Roman Catholic 85% of people live in urban areas. Santiago is the capital city.