Collocations Collocations are partly or fully fixed expressions

Collocations

Collocations are partly or fully fixed expressions that become established through repeated context-dependent use. Examples: • clear • crystal clear • surgery • cosmetic surgery

Break • • • Break a leg Break a habit Break a promise Break a record Break a window Break someone’s heart Break the ice Break the law Break the news to someone • Break the rules

Catch • • catch a bus catch a chill catch a cold catch a thief catch fire catch sight of catch someone’s attention • catch someone’s eye • catch the flu • Catch a glimpse • Catch a movie • Catch a ball • Catch a fly • Catch the moment • Catch a cab • Catch the cat

Pay • • • pay attention pay by credit card pay cash pay a fine pay interest pay someone a compliment pay someone a visit pay the bill pay the price pay your respects • • Pay back Pay up Don’t pay him any mind Pay in advance Pay off Pay the rent Payday Pay check

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Unit 1 GLOBALIZATION (growth to a global or worldwide scale) “the globalization of the communication industry”

Reading - Read the following text: • Globalization is a shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy. The globalization of markets refers to the merging of separate national markets into one huge global marketplace, without the barriers to cross-border trade. Consumer goods such as Coca Cola soft drinks, Sony Play. Station video games, and Mc. Donald’s hamburgers, are changing the tastes of consumers in different nations towards some global norm and thus help in creating a global market.

However, national markets are not easily giving way to the global market: significant differences among them regarding consumer preferences, distribution channels, value systems etc. These differences frequently require companies to adapt their marketing strategies and products to best match conditions in a country. Companies do not globalize markets only, but production as well, by producing goods and services at locations around the globe and taking advantage of national differences in the cost and other factors of production (labor, energy, land, capital, etc).

For example, parts for the Boeing Company’s commercial jet airliner, the 777, are made by suppliers from Japan, Singapore, and Italy: in total, some 30 per cent of the total value of the aircraft is outsourced to foreign countries. There are, however, certain limitations to the globalization of production, such as barriers to trade between countries and to foreign direct investment, transportation costs, economic and political risk, etc. Why do companies globalize? The main driver of globalization is the cost. Companies are looking for cheaper labor and manufacturing costs to enable them to stay competitive.

Companies also take advantage of modern communications technology, particularly the Internet, to outsource service activities to low-cost producers in other nations. For example, many software companies now use Indian engineers to perform maintenance functions on software designed in the United States. This shortens the time and lowers the costs required to develop new software programs. As markets globalize, institutions are needed to help manage and regulate the global marketplace. Over the past half century, a number of important global institutions have been created to help perform these functions, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the United Nations (UN), etc.

These institutions work towards dismantling trade barriers, reducing tariffs (taxes on imported goods), make short- and long term loans to countries for repaying debts and for infrastructure projects, promote economic integration, etc. Is globalization a good thing? Many influential economists and business leaders think so. They believe that globalization stimulates economic growth, raises the incomes of consumers, and helps to create jobs in all countries that participate in the global trading system. Outsourcing and globalization of manufacturing allow companies to lower the cost of goods and services, cause economic expansion that reduces unemployment, and increases productivity.

Globalization has its drawbacks, as well. In developed countries, it may cause destruction of small local businesses and harm local culture, whereas cheap-labor countries often suffer environmental damage and human rights abuses such as child labor. Street demonstrations against globalization date to December 1999, when more than 40, 000 protesters blocked the streets of Seattle in an attempt to prevent a World Trade Organization meeting. Ever since, anti-globalization protesters have turned up at every major meeting of a global institution, protesting against environmental degradation, pollution, labor exploitation, the cultural imperialism, job losses, and many other issues.

Definitions • Outsource (obtain goods or services from an outside supplier; to contract work out) "Many companies outsource and hire consultants in order to maintain a flexible workforce" • Limitation (an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation) • Restriction (a principle that limits the extent of something) "I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements”

Definitions • Expansion (the act of increasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope) • Drawback (the quality of being a hindrance) “He pointed out all the drawbacks to my plan” • Degradation (changing to a lower state (a less respected state)

Definitions • Exploitation (the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful) “The development of Alaskan resources"; "the exploitation of copper deposits" • Pollution (undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities)

Synonyms • Shift alteration, change, transfer, variation, move • Integrate get together, reconcile, accomodate • Interdependent mutually dependent, interconnected, attached • Merge converge, amalgamate, become partners • Barrier barricade, blockade, obstacle • Different opposite, diverse, various

Synonyms • Frequent - (vs. infrequent) prevailing, prevalent, predominant • Require ask, expect, demand • Adapt accommodate, adjust, conform • Match equal, equalize, equate • Supply provide, render, furnish • Attempt try, seek

Synonyms • Perform execute, do • Maintenance care, upkeep • Manage supervise, superintend, deal, cope, handle • Influential authoritative, important, powerful, prestigious • Stimulate affect, impact, bear upon • Reduce cut down, cut back, decrease, lessen, minify • Prevent forestall, foreclose, preclude, forbid

Antonyms Find the antonyms of the following words in the text. There may be more than one answer for each item. 1. local (adj. ): ______ 2. to lower (v. ) : ______ 3. to lengthen (v. ) : ______ 4. to decrease (v. ) : ______ 5. gain (n. ) : ______ 6. contraction (n. ) : ______ 7. benefit (n. ) : ______ 8. disadvantage (n. ) : ______ 9. to pay back (v. ): _______ 10. to join (adv. ): ________

Discuss the following statements and give arguments for and against: 1. Globalization damages local goods, services and cultures. 2. Globalization increases competition among companies. 3. Globalization raises people’s living standards. 4. Globalization improves international communication. 5. Globalization leads to human rights abuses.

Thank you