College Sports College sports have changed much over

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College Sports �College sports have changed much over time �Equipment and rules have certainly

College Sports �College sports have changed much over time �Equipment and rules have certainly changed, but college sports have also grown to impact other areas of society: -Economy -Media -College admissions, academics, and revenues

College Sports: Early 1900’s �Football was only sport that schools sponsored �Forward pass was

College Sports: Early 1900’s �Football was only sport that schools sponsored �Forward pass was illegal until 1906, and even upon legalization, it was rarely used �Equipment was different; little or no padding was used, helmets were not required �Due to violence and deaths, the NCAA was created to protect the student athletes and preserve the game of football

College Sports: 1950’s �Football grew out of World War II and was just beginning

College Sports: 1950’s �Football grew out of World War II and was just beginning to capture America’s attention, but the AFL-NFL merger was still ten years away �Basketball was just beginning to gain popularity, and the NCAA tournament was in its beginning stages with only 16 teams �NCAA began to require teams to participate in their season-ending tournament

College Sports: 1950’s �NCAA also controlled the television markets for college football, only allowing

College Sports: 1950’s �NCAA also controlled the television markets for college football, only allowing a few games to be televised nationally during the year

Becoming what it is today �In 1984, University of Georgia and University of Oklahoma

Becoming what it is today �In 1984, University of Georgia and University of Oklahoma filed a lawsuit against the NCAA based on their monopoly on television markets. The successful lawsuit gave universities more control. �The most popular teams, such as Michigan, had nearly all of their games televised, increasing their influence. �In college basketball, the NCAA tournament grew gradually, eventually reaching 64 teams in 1986 and becoming a staple of college sports.

Notable Rule Changes �Football: -Forward pass legalized -Football elongated for better passing -Overtime instituted

Notable Rule Changes �Football: -Forward pass legalized -Football elongated for better passing -Overtime instituted in 1996 �Basketball: -NCAA tournament grew from 4 to 65 -3 point shot instituted for 1987 tournament, changing the game forever. Indiana wins tournament shooting 50. 8% from 3

Impacting Society �College sports have grown to become a major part of American society

Impacting Society �College sports have grown to become a major part of American society �Increased media exposure as well as increased interest by fans �Impacted admissions, academics, and university image

NCAA Growth � 1950 - 387 member schools � 2006 - 1024 member schools

NCAA Growth � 1950 - 387 member schools � 2006 - 1024 member schools

Economic Impact �In the 1940’s, the pressure to perform on the field was so

Economic Impact �In the 1940’s, the pressure to perform on the field was so great that many schools hired professional players to play for their schools �Due to this demand for payment, the NCAA finally allowed scholarships in the 1950’s, giving students an opportunity to gain an education for free

Economic Impact �Once the NCAA lost exclusive rights to negotiate television broadcasts in 1984,

Economic Impact �Once the NCAA lost exclusive rights to negotiate television broadcasts in 1984, college football and basketball became very prevalent on television, especially with the creation of ESPN �Television prominence lead to more money and more exposure for college teams

Average Television Revenues Sport Revenue NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament $564 million NCAA Football: ACC,

Average Television Revenues Sport Revenue NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament $564 million NCAA Football: ACC, Big East, Big-12, Notre Dame, Pac-10 $111 million MLB $550 million NBA $767 million NFL $2. 2 billion NHL $120 million

Football and Basketball Publicity �College Football and basketball now rival the four main professional

Football and Basketball Publicity �College Football and basketball now rival the four main professional sports, based on revenues and ticket sales �Large influence on the American public

Ticket Revenues Sport Revenue NCAA Division I Football and Basketball $757 million MLB $671

Ticket Revenues Sport Revenue NCAA Division I Football and Basketball $757 million MLB $671 million NBA $967 million NFL $730 million NHL $731 million

Impacts on the Universities �Although college basketball and football are high revenue sports, college

Impacts on the Universities �Although college basketball and football are high revenue sports, college sports as a whole do not make money �Only the most prominent schools are able to turn a profit on their football programs

College Football Revenues, 2007 -2008 School Total Revenue Texas $120, 288, 370 Ohio State

College Football Revenues, 2007 -2008 School Total Revenue Texas $120, 288, 370 Ohio State $117, 953, 712 Florida $106, 030, 895 Michigan $99, 027, 105 Wisconsin $93, 452, 334

College Football Revenues, 2007 -20008 School Revenue Idaho $12, 896, 488 Louisiana Tech $12,

College Football Revenues, 2007 -20008 School Revenue Idaho $12, 896, 488 Louisiana Tech $12, 465, 865 Louisiana-Lafayette $11, 134, 598 Arkansas State $10, 456, 754 Louisiana-Monroe $7, 733, 035

Revenues �These numbers show that college football is only a high revenue sport for

Revenues �These numbers show that college football is only a high revenue sport for those at the top of the game �Once expenses are accounted for, most schools lose money off of their football team �In fact, minus subsidies, only 6% of universities reported making a profit off of their football team in 2001

Division I-A Profits 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 -$254, 000 -$243, 000 -$936,

Division I-A Profits 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 -$254, 000 -$243, 000 -$936, 000 $0 -$654, 000 -$633, 000

Profits �As we see on the previous slide, most universities actually lose money on

Profits �As we see on the previous slide, most universities actually lose money on their college sports. �Universities are supposed to be academics-driven, but sports can take some funding away from academics

Benefits to Universities �Robert Sandy and Peter Sloane found that universities that went to

Benefits to Universities �Robert Sandy and Peter Sloane found that universities that went to a bowl game within 5 years or moved from division I-AA to I-A actually had an increase of 12 -13 points in their incoming students’ SAT scores �Also, by becoming a Division I-A football team, universities increased their size by about 2, 000 students

Benefits to Universities �College sports give universities much needed publicity �College sports give alumni

Benefits to Universities �College sports give universities much needed publicity �College sports give alumni a way to continue to connect with their alma mater even after graduation, often leading to increased alumni donations.

Overall Impacts Today �College Sports influence us through: -Economic Issues -Issues involving academics and

Overall Impacts Today �College Sports influence us through: -Economic Issues -Issues involving academics and admissions to Universities -Constant media exposure �They are extremely influential, and will be in the future