Cold War Strategies Intervention Engagement Confrontation 1 Strategy

Cold War Strategies Intervention, Engagement, Confrontation 1

Strategy 1: Intervention How do you fight communism and avoid nuclear war? 2

Traditional Strategy Total War Richmond, 1865 3

Total War in the Nuclear Age 4

Korean War 1950 -53 • Limited War – Goals – Weapons – Geography – Talk and Fight 5

Viet Nam (after 1954) 6

Strategic Logic Domino Theory 7

Viet Nam Limited War • Can’t lose South Viet Nam • Can’t do what we need to win • Solution – Counterinsurgency – “Limited” Bombing 8

From LBJ to Nixon 1968 -69 LBJ says Goodbye Nixon’s War • More bombing • Withdrawing 9

Post-Vietnam Changes 1. Congressional Power 2. Foreign Policy Consensus 3. Vietnam Syndrome 10

1. Congress Challenges President in Foreign Policy • War Powers Resolution 1973 (PL 93148) (from Federation of American Scientists , see Appendix 3) • The Use of Force 11

Congress finds its real power: $$$$$ • Clark Amendment to Arms Export Control Act 1976 12

2. End of US Foreign Policy Consensus? Truman Doctrine: Consensus L R Post-Viet Nam: Polarization 13

3. Viet Nam Syndrome http: //www. mbc. edu/faculty/gbowen/Public. Opinion. Viet. War. htm 14

Strategy 2: Engagement • Intervention is too costly • Maybe engagement with rivals? 15

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 16

Nixon and Henry Kissinger “Détente” 17

Why Détente? 1. 2. 3. Viet Nam Syndrome Strategic parity Sino-Soviet Split 18

1. Viet Nam Syndrome Nixon recognizes this: • Nixon Doctrine – Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A) – Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969 19

2. Strategic Parity 20

3. Sino-Soviet Conflict 21

Detente 1. Still containment 2. Old-school Balance of Power 22

1. Arms Control Policy Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, May 1972 • Interim Agreement on Offensive Arms • Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 23

2. Triangular Diplomacy US USSR PRC 24

Kissinger to China, July 1971 25

Nixon-Mao Summit in China, February 1972 Shanghai Communique 26

China and Taiwan 27

Détente Collapses: Ford and Carter 28

1979 -1981 Crises Détente Collapse • Iran • Afghanistan 29

Iranian Revolution Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlevi Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 30

November 4, 1979 31

December 1979 32

“Arc of Crisis” 33

Détente Ends • • SALT II Dies Defense Buildup Carter Doctrine Rescue Mission – Secretary of State Cyrus Vance resigns 34

Rescue Mission April 1980 35

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Strategy 3: Confrontation • Détente didn’t work; • Challenge the USSR • No major interventions, but…. 37

Ronald Reagan 38

Reagan’s View of the USSR “Evil Empire” Speech to the National Association of Evangelicals March 10, 1983 39

The Problems 1. Third Wave of Marxism 2. Viet Nam Syndrome 3. Decade of Neglect 40

1. Third Wave of Marxism Ethiopia 1974 Cambodia 1975 Vietnam 1975 Angola 1975 Mozambique 1975 Afghanistan 1979 Nicaragua 1979 Grenada 1979 41

Solution to Third Wave: Reagan Doctrine Nicaragua Contras 42

Contras 43

Afghanistan Mujahadin 44

Angola • UNITA’s Jonas Savimbi 45

1980 s Map of the Cold War http: //imgur. com/Ah 9 t. S 46

2. Viet Nam Syndrome • Fall of Saigon, April 29, 1975 47

Solution to Viet Nam Syndrome: Use Force • Libya 1981 48

Grenada 1983 49

Beirut 1983 50

3. Decade of Neglect From: ARMING AMERICA: Attention and Inertia in U. S. National Security Spending http: //dept. lamar. edu/polisci/TRUE/True_art_tlp. html 51

Solution to Decade of Neglect • Source: Center for Defense Information 2004 Yearbook (http: //www. mtholyoke. edu/~jephrean/classweb/United%20 States. html) 52

Strategic Defense Initiative Reagan’s SDI speech, March 23, 1983 From: http: //www. milnet. com/pentagon/spacecom/sdi. gif 53

Political/Cultural Effects 54

Iran-Contra Scandal (for reference) When Reagan and Congress Disagree? • Nicaragua: Boland Amendment restricts aid to Contras (1984) – Administration funds them covertly • Iran: Legislation prohibiting US arms sales to Iran – Sells weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages held by Hezbollah-related groups 55

The Iran Contra Scandal (for reference only) Private US $ Foreign Gov’t $ Contras Swiss bank accounts; controlled by North $$$ Iran Hostages weapons US Israel weapons 56

Big Picture Issue • Congress has the power to restrict US government spending – Can the President ignore those restrictions? – Can President ignore aspects of law President does not agree with? – If so, does Congress have any role to shape foreign policy? – If so, do we have checks and balances? 57

Key Phrase of 2 nd Boland Amendment: (1984 -1986) ( for reference only) • ''No funds available to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense or any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities may be obligated or expended for the purpose or which would have the effect of supporting, directly or indirectly, military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, group, organization, movement or individual. ” From: NY TIMES on line: http: //www. nytimes. com/1987/07/16/world/iran-contra-hearings-text-of-keyamendment. html? pagewanted=1; For Excerpts and explanation, from US Government Accountability Office – GAO, http: //redbook. gao. gov/14/fl 0067296. php 58

Legislative Limits on Arms Sales (for reference only) Arms Export Control Acts • No arms sales to nations determined to be sponsors of terrorism (US State Dept determines which nations fit into this category; it included Iran) • No arms sales of over $25 m in value without congressional approval (1974); A 1976 bill lowered this to $14 m for sophisticated weaponry and $50 m for other items – Both the House and Senate would have to reject the arms sales 59