Cold Chain System Cold chain system Definition It

Cold Chain System

Cold chain system Definition: • It is a system for distributing vaccines in a potent state from the manufacture to the actual vaccination site. • It consists of a series of transportation links during which adequate refrigeration is required to maintain the vaccine potency. • From site of manufacture Air port Central vaccine store Regional vaccine store (governorate) District store Site of vaccination ( Health center or Health officer or Maternal Child Health center ). 2

Cold chain system Components of cold chain system : • People : well trained to manage the cold chain system and organize the vaccine distribution. • Equipments : to store and transport vaccines. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 3

Cold chain equipment used in health facilities 1. Refrigerators 4

Characters of ideal refrigerator: • Put in a place away from direct sunlight (shaded place). • Put in ventilated area away from the wall 10 -15 cm. • Have intact rubber insulation. • Have a thermometer inside. • Have a temperature chart to register temperature. • Have a person in charge to keep it well. • Be deforested if ice around the freezer more than ½ cm thick. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 5

2. Cold boxes A cold box is an insulated container lined with ice-packs to keep vaccines & diluents cold during transportation and /or short period storage (from 2 -7 days). 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 5

3. Vaccine carriers are insulated containers lined with frozen ice-packs, keep vaccines and diluents cold during transportation and/or temporary storage (maximum for 48 hours with the lid closed ). 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 7

4. Foam pads A foam pad is a piece of soft foam that fits on top of the ice packs in a vaccine carrier 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 8

5. Ice-packs • Ice-packs are flat square plastic bottles filled with water and kept frozen. • Ice-packs are used to keep vaccines cool inside the vaccine carrier or cold box. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 9

Cold chain monitoring equipment used in health facilities 1. vaccine vial monitor A vaccine vial monitor VVM is a label that changes in colour when the vaccine vial exposed to heat over a period of time. Before opening a vial, the status of the VVM must be checked to see whether the vaccine has been damaged by heat. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 10

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2. Vaccine cold chain monitor card: 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 13

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• The monitor card contains chemical substances behind visible plastic rubber (window A, B, C, D) that change their color gradually and irreversibly with heat exposure. • How can you read the cold chain monitor card? 1 - If windows A, B, C and D are all white use the vaccine normally. 2 - If windows A to C are completely blue, but window D is still white, it means that the vaccine has been exposed to temperature > 10°C but < 34° C for the following days: 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 15

• If window A only 2 -3 day, if A & B 6 -8 days if A, B & C 11 -14 days (where A window is a monitor for the polio vaccine, B window for the measles vaccine and C window monitor for B. C. G- DPT- T. T and DT. vaccines). • You should use the vaccines within 3 months of change of its window indicator to the blue colour unless the expiry date of the vaccine requires a shorter period. 3 - If window D is blue, it means that the vaccines have been exposed to a temperature > 34°C for at least 2 hours and you should test the cold chain (the clod chain has been broken). 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 16

3. Thermometers Health facility staff use dial or stem thermometers to monitor the temperature of refrigerators 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 17

How to load vaccines in a refrigerator ? Vaccine refrigerators have two compartments: • A main compartment (the refrigerator): for storing vaccines & diluents, in which the temperature should be between 0°C and +8°C (thermostat is used to adjust the temperature). • The freezer: for freezing ice-packs. If the refrigerator is working properly, this section will be between -5°C and 15°C. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 18

Load a vaccine refrigerator as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Freeze & store ice-packs in the freezer compartment. All vaccines & diluents stored in the refrigerator compartment. If there is not enough space, diluents stored at ambient temperature ( but must be chilled by putting them in the refrigerator before use ). Put polio & measles vaccines in the top shelf under the freezer. (Excess amount of polio & measles vaccines could be kept in the freezer). Put B. C. G. vaccine in the middle shelf. Other vaccines as TT, DPT hepatitis B & diluents put in lower shelf. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 19

6. Vaccine and diluents packed in rows with 1 -2 cm in between (for air circulation). DPT, DT & TT shouldn’t touch evaporator plate at the back (may freeze). 7. Separate different types of vaccine clearly. 8. Newest vaccine is put on the right, remove oldest one from the left. 9. Keep vials with VVMs showing more heat exposure than others in the box labelled "use first". Use these vials first in the next session. 10. Put thermometer inside the refrigerator to adjust the temperature, check the temperature inside the refrigerator twice per day. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 20

11. Put salt water bottles in the lower compartment of the refrigerator (help to keep temperature cool in case of a power cut). 12. Do not put vaccines on the door shelves (temperature is too warm to store vaccines. 13. Do not keep expired vaccines, NOR vaccines with VVMs reached or beyond discard point. NOR reconstituted vaccines for more than 6 hours in the refrigerator. Discard them immediately according to your national guidelines. 14. Don’t store food & drinks in a vaccine refrigerator. 1/13/2022 Public Health and Community Medicine Department Mansoura Faculty of Medicine 21

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