Cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical cohesion Reference

Cohesion • • • Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical cohesion

Reference Anaphoric reference James Bond came into the room and the woman shot him. Cataphoric reference He came into the room and said “The name is Bond, James Bond. ”

Substitution • for nouns – one, ones – I’ll have the big one, You can have the little ones. • for verbs – do – I like Mars bars. So do I. – John speaks Italian and so does Mary. • for clauses – so, not, modality (perhaps) – Is this the end of the lesson? I hope so. – Will it rain? Maybe.

Ellipsis • Substitution by zero Are you tired? Yes, I am. Did you vote Labour? Yes.

Conjunction And – Fish and chips But – I tried but I failed. Therefore I think, therefore I am. etc.

Lexical cohesion • • Repetition Synonymy Hyponymy Metaphor/Simile Collocation Semantic field (chains) Figures of speech

Dancing Girls (M. Attwood) The first sign of the new man was the knock on the door. It was the landlady, knocking not at Ann’s door, as she’d thought, but on the other door, the one east of the bathroom. Knock, knock; then a pause, soft footsteps, the sound of unlocking. Ann, who had been reading a book on canals, put it down and lit herself a cigarette. It wasn’t that she tried to overhear: in the house you couldn’t help it.

Dancing Girls (cohesion) Anaphoric reference: she, the one, who, it Cataphoric reference: It Repetition: knock, door Semantic field via chains: landlady –doorunlocking-house; house-bathroom-door Collocation: knock - door