Cohesion and Norm Enforcement Cohesion Norm Enforcement EG

Cohesion and Norm Enforcement

Cohesion = Norm Enforcement EG Social Capital EG Collective Efficacy

Cohesion ≠ Norm Enforcement Empirical Findings Theory

Cohesion = Norm Enforcement OR Cohesion ≠ Norm Enforcement

How is cohesion related to social norms? ? ? Cohesion Social Norms

Theory • Benefits of Norms – Direct • Valued in and of themselves – Indirect • Enhance ability to exchange • Cohesion • Enhance interest in exchange

Indirect Benefits x Cohesion Norms Metanorms

Hypotheses H 1: Indirect benefits x Cohesion Norms H 2: Indirect benefits x Cohesion Metanorms H 3: Metanorms Norms

Experiment Design Indirect Benefit Cohesion No Indirect Benefit

Procedures

Overview - Receive Income

Receive Income ________________________ Your personal income is 30. 30 Personal Income 0 Total Savings ________________________

Overview - Receive Income - Deviance

Deviance ____________________________ V has stolen 10 points from W. 30 Personal Income 0 Total Savings _____________________________

Overview - Receive Income - Deviance - Sanctioning decision

Sanctioning Decision ____________________________ Please wait for W to decide what to do. 30 Personal Income 0 Total Savings ____________________________

Sanctioning Decision ____________________________ W decided to punish V. As a result of W’s choice, 3 points are given to you, W, Y, and Z. 33 Personal Income 0 Total Savings ____________________________

Overview - Receive Income Deviance Sanctioning decision Rewarding decision

Rewarding Decisions ____________________________ 1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver 33 You may decide what to do with Personal your income points. Income Keep __ points in your personal income 0 Give __ points to W. Total Give __ points to Y. Savings Giver __ points to Z. ____________________________

Rewarding Decisions ___________________________ 1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver ? ? You kept __ points. Personal Income You gave: You received: __ to W __ from W 0 __ to Y __ from Y Total __ to Z __ from Z Savings ___________________________

Overview - Receive Income Deviance Sanctioning decision Reward decisions End of trial

End of Trial and Beginning of New Trial ________________________ Points from your personal income have been moved into your savings. Your new personal income is 30 points. 30 Personal Income ? ? Total Savings ________________________

Independent Variables Benefits of Sanctioning Indirect Benefits of sanctioning placed in Personal Income and can be used in exchange. No Indirect Benefits of sanctioning placed in Total Savings and cannot be used in exchange.

Sanctioning Decision _______________________ W decided to punish V. As a result of W’s choice, 3 points are given to you, W, Y, and Z. __ Personal Income __ Total Savings _______________________

Cohesion Points received from others worth 3 times one’s own points. (1: 3) No Cohesion Points received from others worth the same as one’s own points. (1: 1)

Rewarding Decisions ____________________________ 1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver 1 point from giver = 1 point for receiver 33 You may decide what to do with Personal your income points. Income Keep __ points in your personal income 0 Give __ points to W. Total Give __ points to Y. Savings Giver __ points to Z. ____________________________

Dependent Variables Norms Punishment rate for the group. Metanorms Difference between rewards given to victims who punished and to victims who did not punish.

Results

Table 1. Mean Norms and Metanorms Indirect Benefit No Indirect Benefit Cohesion Norms. 898 (. 136). 597 (. 293) Metanorms 5. 47* (1. 96) 2. 58* (2. 81) No Cohesion Norms. 690 (. 182). 745 (. 149) Metanorms 2. 82 (1. 43) 3. 19 (1. 58) N=14 except for starred items where N=13.

Table 2. Regression Results Model 1 a Norms Model 2 b Metanorms Model 3 b Norms Intercept . 745**** (. 0535) 3. 19**** (. 535) . 631**** (. 0640) Cohesion -. 148+ (. 0756) -. 609 (. 771) -. 157* (. 0709) Indirect Benefit -. 0543 (. 0756) -. 370 (. 756) -. 0412 (. 0693) Cohesion * Indirect Benefit . 356*** (. 107) 3. 27*** (1. 09) . 263* (. 108) Metanorms ----- . 0356** (. 0129) R-square . 24 . 26 . 37 a N=56; b N=54 **** p<. 0001; *** p<. 005; ** p<. 01; * p<. 05; + p<. 1

Indirect Benefits x Cohesion Norms Metanorms

Relative size and direction of direct and indirect benefits EG American South Norm content and indirect benefits? EG Reciprocity Social institutions and indirect benefits? EG Formal Rules

If we can identify direct and indirect benefits, and the structure of social relations Then we can more accurately predict norms.