Cognitivism Martin Valcke Martin ValckeUGent be http users

Cognitivism Martin Valcke Martin. Valcke@UGent. be http: //users. ugent. be/~mvalcke/CV/CVMVA. htm

Structure • • Activity 1: Learning experiment Miller Introduction Information processing Activity 2: Dual channel theory Representation & development of declarative & procedural knowledge • Activity 3: NLR • Activity 4: Questions & Bloom’s taxonomy

Activity 1 Experiment based on Miller 1957

Cognitivism • Internal processes • Key concepts: stages, memories, limitations, interaction, subprocesses (perceiving, repeating, representing, reflecting, imagining, abstracting, comparing, …)

Working memory Central Executive Phonological loop Episodic buffer Visuo-spatial sketchpad Verbal info Verbal and visospatial ino Visuo-spatial info

Activity 2: experiment • Dual Channel Theory: Paivio (1986) en Mayer (2001) and Paivio (1986)

Learning MM presentation Images Hearing Looking Working Memory Sound Image Verbal Model Organisation Words Sensory Memory Integration Visual Model Mayer (2001) and Paivio (1986) Long Term Memory Prior Knowledge

Theoretical base • Representation of knwoledge – Declarative knowledge – Procedural knowledge • Development of knowledge – Declarative knowledge – Procedural knowledge

Representation declarative knowledge Proposition(s) Basis unit information: argument and relations

Representation declarative knowledge Images Based on a perception; part of original perception is retained

Representation declarative knowledge linear order On top of proposition network and images: structure Vb. ABCD, EFG, HIJK, LMNOP, QRS, TUV en WXYZ. Vb. Notes Vb. durch für ohne um bis nach gegen

Ormrod, 2008

Representation declarative knowledge schemas (based on propositions, images, and linear order) Knowledge is not set of unstructured ideas.

Schemas • • • Memory structure Abstraction Network Dynamic structure Context Frames (special schemes)

• Example “frame”: special schema for “party”

• Underdeveloped schemas: personal theories ~ misconceptions

Relationships in declarative knowledge Metacognition Procedures Concepts Facts

Representation procedural knowledge Production system Production b Production a Production d Production c

P 1 IF xxxxx, Then yyy. P 2 If a Then b P 3 If c Then d

Development declarative knowledge Two mental processes are cenral: • Elaboration • Organisation

Elaboration • Integrates knowledge • Links new to old knowledge

Organisation • Organisation acts on available schemas in memory. • Strenghtening internal cognitive structure.

Organisation • Structuring, order • Hierarchy

Ways to structure the ideas about how species “evolve” Matuk en Uttal (2010): “All have tails, but only two have horns” - Inventing an intuitive representation of relatedness.

Development procedural knowledge • Cognitive phase • Associative phase • Autonomous phase • Goal directedness!!

Cognitive Phase • Stepwise storage of individual productions in memory • In fact: as declarative knowledge (schemas) Metacognition Procedures Concepts Facts

Associative phase In this phase we try to release support of single productions in memory We try to eliminate consultation memory.

Autonomous phase Automatic result of associative phase. Difficult to predict when achieved.

Relationships in procedural knowledge http: //www. transitionmathproject. org/partners/wcp/doc/bloom. pdf

Activity 4 • Read text “hormones” • Apply evidence based principle: developing non-linguistic representation

Activity 5 a • Make list of questions (prep activity) • Structure these questions from “easy” to “complex”

Activity 5 b • Make list of questions (prep activity) • Structure these questions from “easy” to “complex” • Apply Bloom’s Taxonomy to ground your classification

King • Questions are critical • See King, A. (1992). Comparison of Self-Questioning, Summarizing, and Notetaking-Review as Strategies for Learning From Lectures • Starters .

King: starters

Cognitivism Martin Valcke Martin. Valcke@UGent. be http: //users. ugent. be/~mvalcke/CV/CVMVA. htm