Cognitive Modeling for HCI David Crow david crowacm
- Slides: 18
Cognitive Modeling for HCI David Crow david. crow@acm. org www. cs. cmu. edu/~dccrow/ 12/7/2020 home back next
HF vs. HCI n Human Factors – discovers and applies information about human behavior, abilities, limitations and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs and environments for save comfortable and effective human use (Sanders & Mc. Cormick, 1987, pp. . 5) n 12/7/2020 Human-Computer Interaction – is concerned with such issues as user’s capabilities and preferences and the degree to which interfaces support their activities. home back next
Cognitive Modeling n n n Is a form of theory Uses empirical results Develops analytical models that make quantitative predictions about a user’s performance 12/7/2020 home back next
History n n 12/7/2020 n Information processing concepts borrowed from computer science and engineering During WWII, complex military displays analyzed to improve their design Led to mathematical models of human behavior (Fitts Law, Hick. Hyman Law) home back next
History (continued) n n n Cognitive Psychology first described by Neisser in 1967 Appearance of the journal of Cognitive Psychology in 1970 The role of the environment 12/7/2020 home back next
Applied Cognitive Psychology n n n Carnegie Mellon University in the early to mid-1970 s Moved to Xerox. PARC Culminated in Card, Moran & Newell’s (1983) The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction 12/7/2020 home back next
Psychology of HCI n n 12/7/2020 “Theory-based, in the sense of articulating the mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena” Hard Science – Engineering theories of the user – Task analysis, calculation and approximation home back next
Cognitive Models n n Constrain the design space Estimate total task time Estimate training time and documentation Identify complex, error prone stages of the task 12/7/2020 home back next
Model Human Processor n n An idealized information processing model of human perceptual, motor and cognitive systems Describes behavior using 3 processors, 4 memories, 19 parameters and 10 principles of use 12/7/2020 home back next
The GOMS Model n n n 12/7/2020 a formal representation of routine cognitive skill a detailed description of knowledge required by an expert user to perform a specific task without error a usefully approximation of the processes underlying human behavior home back next
GOMS n Goals – what the user wants to accomplish n Operators – the actions a user is able to take n Methods – well-learned subgoals and operators 12/7/2020 n Selection rules – guidelines for deciding between multiple methods home back next
Why use cognitive models? n n 12/7/2020 “It is useful to analyze the knowledge of how to do a task in terms of goals, operators, methods and selection rules. ” (John & Kieras, 1996) Validated engineering models of human performance home back next
Why use cognitive models? (continued) n n Provide a functional model of the task Specific information includes: – Tricks of the trade – Perceptual skills – Big picture 12/7/2020 home back next
Where have cognitive models been used? n n n 12/7/2020 n Production systems, GLEAN (John & Kieras, 1996), JIAA (Crow, 1998) Text editing (Card et al. , 1983; John, 1996) Phone operators (Atwood, Gray, & John, 1995) Video games (John, Vera, & Newell, 1993) home back next
How have cognitive models helped? n n n Identification of potential errors Purchase of new workstations Prediction of learning time 12/7/2020 home back next
Where does GOMS fit? n Product Design is to develop a product that has: Utility ü Usability ? Acceptance û Salability ü n 12/7/2020 Functional Level, Documentation, Keystroke Analyses home back next
What GOMS is not! § § § 12/7/2020 § Usability Testing Interviewing technique Naturalistic observation Heuristic evaluation and other checklist Cognitive walkthroughs A design technique home back next
Extensions n n New Input Devices Effects of fatigue and stress Individual differences Collaborative cognitive models 12/7/2020 home back next