Cognitive Bias https store theartofservice comthecognitivebiastoolkit html List

• Cognitive Bias https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

List of biases in judgment and decision making - Common theoretical causes of some cognitive biases A 2012 Psychological Bulletin article suggested that at least eight seemingly unrelated biases can be produced by the same information-theoretic generative mechanism that assumes noisy information processing during storage and retrieval of information in human memory. Martin Hilbert (2012) [http: //psycnet. apa. org/psycinfo/201127261 -001 Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: How noisy information processing can bias human decision making] 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. Baron, J 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias 1 Other cognitive biases are a “by-product” of human processing limitations, resulting from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms (bounded rationality), or simply from a limited capacity for information processing. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias 1 Moreover, Kahneman and Tversky (1996) argue cognitive biases have efficient practical implications for areas including clinical judgment. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Overview The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972 and grew out of their experience of people's Numeracy#Innumeracy|innumeracy, or inability to reason intuitively with the greater orders of magnitude 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Overview Alternatively, critics of Kahneman and Tversky such as Gerd Gigerenzer argue that heuristics should not lead us to conceive of human thinking as riddled with irrational cognitive biases, but rather to conceive rationality as an adaptive tool that is not identical to the rules of formal logic or the probability calculus 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Types Some cognitive biases belong to the subgroup of attentional biases which refer to the paying of increased attention to certain stimuli. It has been shown, for example, that people addicted to alcohol and other drugs pay more attention to drug -related stimuli. Common psychological tests to measure those biases are the Stroop Task and the Dot-probe paradigm|Dot Probe Task. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Types 1 The following is a list of the more commonly studied cognitive biases: https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Types A 2012 Psychological Bulletin article suggests that at least 8 seemingly unrelated biases can be produced by the same information-theoretic generative mechanism. Martin Hilbert (2012) [http: //psycnet. apa. org/psycinfo/2011 -27261 -001 Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: How noisy information processing can bias human decision making] Psychological Bulletin 138(2), 211– 237; free access to the study here: martinhilbert. net/Hilbert. Psych. Bull. pdf It is shown that noisy deviations in the memory-based information processes that convert objective evidence (observations) into subjective estimates (decisions) can produce List of cognitive biases#Decision-making. 2 C belief and behavioral biases|regressive conservatism, the Conservatism (belief revision)|belief revision (Bayesian conservatism), illusory correlations, i. Illusory superiority (better-than-average effect) and worse-than-average effect, subadditivity effect, List of cognitive biases#Decision-making. 2 C belief and behavioral biases|exaggerated expectation, overconfidence, and the hard–easy effect. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Practical significance 1 Cognitive biases are also related to the persistence of superstition, to large social issues such as prejudice, and they also work as a hindrance in the acceptance of scientific non-intuitive knowledge by the public. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Reducing cognitive bias 1 Moreover, cognitive biases can be controlled https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias - Reducing cognitive bias 1 Although Cognitive Bias Modification can refer to modifying cognitive processes in healthy individuals, CBMT is a growing area of evidence-based psychological therapy, in which cognitive processes are modified to relieve suffering. Mac. Leod, C. , Mathews, A. , Tata, P https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

List of cognitive biases 1 'Cognitive biases' are tendencies to think in certain ways. Cognitive biases can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment, and are often studied in psychology and behavioral economics. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

List of cognitive biases 1 Such effects are called cognitive biases https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Emotion in animals - Cognitive bias test 1 A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment, whereby inferences about other animals and situations may be drawn in an illogical fashion. Individuals create their own “subjective social reality” from their perception of the input. It refers to the question Is the glass half empty or half full? , used as an indicator of optimism or pessimism. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Emotion in animals - Cognitive bias test 1 Cognitive biases have been shown in a wide range of species including rats, dogs, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings and honeybees. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Name calling - As a cognitive bias in propaganda Name calling is a cognitive bias and a technique to promote propaganda 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive biases - Reducing cognitive bias 1 Moreover, cognitive biases can be controlled https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive biases - Reducing cognitive bias 1 Although Cognitive Bias Modification can refer to modifying cognitive processes in healthy individuals, CBMT is a growing area of evidence-based psychological therapy, in which cognitive processes are modified to relieve suffering. Mac. Leod, C. , Mathews, A. , Tata, P https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification 'Cognitive Bias Modification Therapy' (CBMT) is sub-group of therapies within a growing area of psychological therapies based on modifying cognitive processes with or without accompanying medication and talk therapy, sometimes referred to as Applied Cognitive Processing Therapies (ACPT) 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification 1 Similarly, patient insight is not required because CBM seeks to target the underlying maintaining cognitive bias directly; therefore, patient engagement is likely to be easier https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification Modifying Interpretation in a Clinically Depressed Sample Using 'Cognitive Bias Modification-Errors': A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1 -14. doi: 10. 1007/s 10608 -013 -9571 -y) 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification - Efficacy evidence base and other research 1 Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification - Efficacy evidence base and other research 1 Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients' Attitudes Toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification - Attentional retraining|Attention Training 1 The attentional bias is one of several different cognitive biases https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification - Attentional retraining|Attention Training Attentional retraining as cognitive bias modification is predicated on the observed attentional bias evident in psychopathology 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias modification - Criticisms and limitations 1 Another concern is that participants with cognitive vulnerability are not able to maintain their new learning even within a CBM course, with their negative cognitive bias beginning to re-emerge over time. http: //www 3. nd. edu/~ghaeffel/Resour ces/Haeffeletal 2012. pdf https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation 1 'Cognitive bias mitigation' is the prevention and reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases – unconscious, automatic influences on human judgment and decision making that reliably produce reasoning errors. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation There is no coherent, comprehensive theory or practice of cognitive bias mitigation. This article describes tools, methods, proposals and other initiatives, in academic and professional disciplines concerned with the efficacy of human reasoning, associated with the concept of cognitive bias mitigation; most address mitigation tacitly rather than explicitly. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Context has established that a defining characteristic of cognitive biases is that they manifest automatically and unconsciously over a wide range of human reasoning, so even those aware of the existence of the phenomenon are unable to detect, let alone mitigate, their manifestation via awareness only. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias There are few studies explicitly linking cognitive biases to real-world incidents with highly negative outcomes. Examples: 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias This was a case of highly trained, experienced people breaking their own rules, apparently under the influence of the Overconfidence effect|Overconfidence Effect, the sunk cost fallacy, the availability heuristic, and perhaps other cognitive biases 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias German researchers examined the role that certain cognitive biases may have had in the global financial crisis beginning in 2007 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias There are numerous investigations of incidents determining that human error was central to highly negative potential or actual real-world outcomes, in which manifestation of cognitive biases is a plausible component. Examples: 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias A host of Cognitive Biases can be imagined in this situation: confirmation bias, hindsight bias, overconfidence effect, availability bias, and even the meta-bias blind spot. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias 1 The power of confirmation bias alone would be sufficient to explain why this happened, but other cognitive biases probably manifested as well. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias Cognitive Bias in Software Engineering. Communications of the ACM 38(6), June 1995: 57– 63. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias * Other disaster-level examples of negative outcomes resulting from human error, possibly including multiple Cognitive bias|Cognitive Biases: the Three Mile Island nuclear meltdown, the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor fire, the downing of an Iran Air Flight 655|Iran Air passenger aircraft, the ineffective response to the Hurricane Katrina weather event, and many more. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Real-world effects of cognitive bias 1 Each of the Cognitive bias|approximately 100 cognitive biases known to date can also produce negative outcomes in our everyday lives, though rarely as serious as in the examples above. An illustrative selection, recounted in multiple studies: https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Cognitive bias mitigation to date 1 In most cases this is based on explicit reference to cognitive biases or their mitigation, in others on unstated but selfevident applicability https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Decision theory 1 Practitioners tend to treat deviations from what a rational agent would do as 'errors of irrationality', with the implication that Cognitive Bias Mitigation can only be achieved by decision makers becoming more like rational agents, though no explicit measures for achieving this are proffered. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Decision theory 1 Practitioners tend to treat deviations from what a rational agent would do as evidence of important, but as yet not understood, decision-making variables, and have as yet no explicit or implicit contributions to make to a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Game theory 1 As with decision theory, practitioners tend to view such deviations as 'irrational', and rather than attempt to model such behavior, by implication hold that Cognitive Bias Mitigation can only be achieved by decision makers becoming more like rational agents. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Behavioral economics No mention is made in Prospect theory|formal prospect theory of Cognitive Bias Mitigation, and there is no evidence of peer-reviewed work on Cognitive Bias Mitigation in other areas of this discipline. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Behavioral economics 1 These contributions assert that Cognitive Bias Mitigation is necessary and offer general suggestions for how to achieve it, though the guidance is limited to only a few Cognitive Biases and is not selfevidently generalizable to others. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Neuroeconomics These results must be considered speculative and preliminary, but are nonetheless suggestive of the possibility of real-time identification of brain states associated with Cognitive biases|Cognitive Bias manifestation, and the possibility of purposeful interventions at the neuronal level to achieve Cognitive Bias Mitigation. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Cognitive psychology 1 Nonetheless, this approach has merit as part of a Cognitive Bias Mitigation protocol when the process is applied with a maximum of diligence, in situations where good data is available and all stakeholders can be expected to cooperate. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Cognitive psychology 1 One contribution to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation from this approach is that it addresses mitigation without explicitly targeting individual cognitive biases and focuses on the reasoning mechanism itself to avoid cognitive biases manifestation. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Cognitive psychology of firefighter captains, military platoon leaders and others making correct, snap judgments under extreme duress suggest that these responses are likely not generalizable and may contribute to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation only the general idea of domainspecific intensive training. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Cognitive psychology 1 This finding, if generalizable to other tasks and disciplines, would discount the potential of expert-level training as a cognitive bias mitigation approach, and could contribute a narrow but important idea to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Cognitive psychology 1 Laboratory experiments in which cognitive bias mitigation is an explicit goal are rare https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Evolutionary psychology 1 The Evolution of Cognitive Bias https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Evolutionary psychology It is too early to tell whether this idea applies more generally to other Cognitive bias|Cognitive Biases, but the point of view supporting theory may be useful in the construction of a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Evolutionary psychology The System 1/2 view of the human reasoning mechanism appears to have empirical plausibility (see Help: Section#Section linking|Neuroscience, next) and thus may contribute to a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Neuroscience 1 While this notion must remain speculative until further work is done, it appears to be a productive basis for conceiving options for constructing a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation. Damasio, A https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Anthropology 1 If this is true, then one possible means to achieve at least some Cognitive Bias Mitigation is to mimic, as much as possible, Paleolithic/Holocene social, political and economic scenarios when one is performing a reasoning task that could attract negative cognitive bias effects. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Human reliability engineering 1 While this approach can produce effective responses to critical situations under stress, the protocols involved must be viewed as having limited generalizability beyond the domain for which they were developed, with the implication that solutions in this discipline may provide only generic frameworks to a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Machine learning 1 One technique particularly applicable to Cognitive Bias Mitigation is neural network|neural network learning and choice selection, an approach inspired by the imagined structure and function of actual neural networks in the human brain https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Machine learning 1 In principle, such models are capable of modeling decision making that takes account of human needs and motivations within social contexts, and suggest their consideration in a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Software engineering This discipline, though not focused on improving human reasoning outcomes as an end goal, is one in which the need for such improvement has been explicitly recognized, though the term Cognitive Bias Mitigation is not universally used. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Software engineering This study refers to a broad research program with the goal of moving toward a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Other 1 A commercial initiative offers what it refers to as a 'Cognitive Bias Modification' service (see link below). While suggestive, it is mentioned here only for completeness, as there is no evidence that this service is backed by peer-reviewed research results. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

Cognitive bias mitigation - Other 1 Other initiatives aimed directly at a theory and practice of Cognitive Bias Mitigation may exist within other disciplines under different labels than employed here. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-cognitive-bias-toolkit. html

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