COGNATES What is a cognate They are words

COGNATES

What is a cognate? They are words that exist in two languages that are spelled exactly or almost exactly the same way and have the same meaning. This makes it easier to learn much of the vocabulary of another language. You simply use your knowledge of English vocabulary and apply the rules that determine the spelling change between the two languages.

HOW DOES A COGNATE HELP TO LEARN SPANISH? Spanish is a language that evolved from Latin over the last two thousand years. English, although it is not as closely related to Latin as Spanish, borrows thousands of words from Latin, many of them the same words that Spanish uses. Both languages have borrowed many words from Classical Greek. This results in thousands of cognates between English and Spanish. This helps to give us a leg up in learning Spanish vocabulary.

BUT BE AWARE!! While some of the words with a common origin in Latin have different meanings in the two languages. These words are called false cognates. But relax… Only about 10 % of these words are false cognates.

GENDER IN SPANISH When looking at an English word, we don't necessarily know the gender of the Spanish cognate. When you learn the Spanish word, learn the gender with it. Keep in mind that… Knowing cognates is a quick shortcut, but it doesn't cover all the bases.

SPELLING As you learn Spanish cognates, notice that many of these words also have a slightly different spelling from English. Words that end in -a, -o, or -e very often drop or change this last vowel in English. For example: The Spanish word 'forma' simply drops the -a to become 'form' in English, but for 'positivo' we must change the -o to -e.

WATCH OUT FOR SOME INTERNAL SPELLING CHANGES. For instance, in Spanish double consonants like -tt, -nn and -mm are much more rare than in English. The -rr is a different letter in Spanish - it is the highly trilled or rolled erre not the slightly trilled or tapped ere. The -cc is like in English 'accent' - the first c is hard like k and the second is soft like s. It is never like 'accumulate' where there is no soft s sound, which would be spelled with just one c.

MORE ABOUT SPELLING The h sound is always silent in Spanish, and where it occurs in English words it often disappears in Spanish. There is no th in Spanish, the h is usually dropped and it is spelled and pronounced as just a t. Words that start with st or sp in English often have a Spanish cognate with an added e in front. For example 'estado' equals English 'state'.

PRONUNCIATION OF COGNATES Many words in English have nearly identical Spanish cognates. Only the pronunciation is different and, at most, a very little spelling change. Examples: auto chocolate cónsul familiar gas hotel idea melón millón plaza radio regular similar teléfono villa

SPELLING, SPELLING. Spanish words that end in -a, -o or -e very often have an equivalent in English. Simply drop or change the last vowel. Examples: aire atleta (athlete) caso causa costo creativo credito dieta drama

SPELLING SPANISH-ENGLISH Many Spanish words that end in -ma are irregular in that they are masculine in gender, even though they end in the usually feminine -a. Examples: clima (climate) diagrama idioma (idiom, language) problema programa sistema (system) tema (theme)

COGNATES: HELPFUL WORDS There are many Spanish cognates that end in -cion. The equivalent English word ends in -tion. Note that all of these words have the stress on the final syllable. Also, all of these words are feminine in gender. Examples: abreviación sensación separación significación situación ventilación violación

WORD ENDINGS Words that end in -ary in English very often have a Spanish cognate that ends in -ario. Examples: aniversario diccionario disciplinario itinerario literario necesario ordinario salario vocabulario

WORD ENDINGS Words that in in -dad are quite common in Spanish. They usually correspond to an English word that ends in -ty. All of these words are feminine in gender. Examples: autoridad (authority) ciudad (city) comunidad dificultad enfermedad (infirmity, illness) formalidad velocidad

MORE COGNATES WORDS English words that end in -ic usually have a Spanish cognate that simply add an -o. Examples: atlántico automático democrático didáctico escolástico romántico sarcástico

Like the previous category, English words that end in -ical have a Spanish cognate that ends in -ico. Examples: clásico cómico eléctrico físico histérico metódico periódico (newspaper, periodical) político práctico sicológico (psychological) técnico

English words that end in -ent often have a cognate in Spanish that ends in -ente. These words are usually adjectives. Examples: agente cliente diferente equivalente indiferente inteligente suficiente

KEEP AN EYE ON… Spanish words that end in - mente (as opposed to just ente). They usually have an English cognate that ends in -ly. These are adverbs. Examples: correctamente desafortunadamente (unfortunately) especialmente exactamente finalmente generalmente moralmente rapidamente

Words that end in -ment in English have equivalents in Spanish that simply add an -o. These words are nouns. argumento monumento sacramento suplemento testamento

WORD ENDINGS Words that end in -al in both English and Spanish are often cognates. Examples; animal anual capital central comercial especial general hospital intelectual

WORD ENDINGS English words that end in -ence or -ance often have a Spanish cognate that ends in -encia or -ancia. Examples: abundancia ausencia (absence) circunstancia conciencia diferencia

WORDS ENDINGS -ant (or sometimes –ent )words in English sometimes end in -ante in Spanish. Examples: abundante constante elegante estudiante importante

WORD ENDINGS Some English words that end in -ous have a Spanish cognate that ends in -oso. Examples: ambicioso curioso delicioso famoso glorioso gracioso

WORD ENDINGS English words with the ending -y sometimes have an equivalent in Spanish with the ending -ia or -io. Examples: aristocracia compañía (company) democracia eficacia familia farmacia (pharmacy) historia

WORD ENDINGS English words that end in -or often have a Spanish cognate that is identical. Examples: actor autor (author) color director doctor humor

WORD ENDINGS English words that end in -ist often have a Spanish cognate. Examples: artista florista moralista pianista turista

WHY AND HOW? Cognates help to Spanish beginners feel more comfortable with this new language. Establishes a link between English and Spanish. Students are aware of the common origin of words. Allows students to explore the language far beyond from school’s objectives.

WHY AND HOW? Activities for finding and using cognates Look for cognates in their textbook. Read magazines and newspapers in order to find cognates Try to translate the main idea of a paragraph by identifying cognates that will help to understand its content.