Coffee the Gentech Fingerprint Prof Klaus Ammann University

Hybrid breeding X backcrosses X X X Gene Technology Resistant Crops

Werner Arber, Nobel Laureate 1978: Interestingly, naturally occurring molecular evolution, i. e. the spontaneous

However, there is a principal difference between the procedures of genetic engineering and those

Gamma Radiation Mutation 100 m Radius 89 TBq Co-60 Radiation source in center On

Etienne, H. , Anthony, F. , Dussert, S. , Fernandez, D. , Lashermes, P.

This is the first report of cloning of the promoter for a gene involved

Fig. 5. Biosynthesis of caffeine from xanthosine and the conversi xanthine and its breakdown

cloning of caffeine biosynthesis genes opens up the possibili g genetic engineering to produce

PCR amplification of Ds. RFP gene and visual detection of the red fluorescent protein

Coffee plants transformed with the GUS gene 1 Hatanaka, T. , Choi, Y. E.

Ribas, A. F. , Kobayashi, A. K. , Pereira, L. F. P. , &

Cattaneo, M. G. , Yafuso, C. , Schmidt, C. , Huang, C. -y. ,

Figure 3. Anti-herbivore effects of transgenic plants. (A) Tobacco cutworm (S. litura) larvae at

F Transformed plants from C. canephora during bioassays. The Cry 1 Ac protein was

Comparison of the gene ontology-based gene annotation categories for the coffee EST-derived unigene set,

Coffea sp. nov. One of the newly discovered species of coffee, found for the

Coffee Biotech Research Group in Campinas, Brazil

Cohen, J. I. (2005) Poorer nations turn to publicly developed GM crops (vol 23,

The national percentage of cropland planted with conservation tillage technology surpassed the percentage of

www. ctic. purdue. edu/CTIC. html or http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Herbizide. Tol/Fawcett-Biotech. Paper. pdf Fawcett,

Old Order Amish Farmer in Lancaster, Penssylv.

Mäder, P. , Fliessbach, A. , Dubois, D. , Gunst, L. , Fried, P.

European Safety Attitude: let not the Europeans decide about Biosafety in Africa, do your

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Coffee, the Gentech Fingerprint Prof. Klaus Ammann, University of Bern, Switzerland

Hybrid breeding X backcrosses X X X Gene Technology Resistant Crops

Werner Arber, Nobel Laureate 1978: Interestingly, naturally occurring molecular evolution, i. e. the spontaneous generation of genetic variants has been seen to follow exactly the same three strategies as those used in genetic engineering 14. These three strategies are: (a) small local changes in the nucleotide sequences, (b) internal reshuffling of genomic DNA segments, and (c) acquisition of usually rather small segments of DNA from another type of organism by horizontal gene transfer. Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826 -828 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002. pdf Arber, W. (2000) Genetic variation: molecular mechanisms and impact on microbial evolution. Fems Microbiology Reviews, 24, 1, pp 1 -7 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Mutations/Arber-Gen-Variation-FEMS-2000. pdf http: //nobelprize. org/medicine/laureates/1978/arber-autobio. html

However, there is a principal difference between the procedures of genetic engineering and those serving in nature for biological evolution. While the genetic engineer pre-reflects his alteration and verifies its results, nature places its genetic variations more randomly and largely independent of an identified goal. Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826 -828 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002. pdf

Gamma Radiation Mutation 100 m Radius 89 TBq Co-60 Radiation source in center On 8 m high post Institute of Radiation Breeding Ibaraki-ken, JAPAN http: //www. irb. affrc. go. jp/ Better Spaghetti, Better Whiskey 1800 new traits

Etienne, H. , Anthony, F. , Dussert, S. , Fernandez, D. , Lashermes, P. , & Bertrand, B. (2002) Biotechnological applications for the improvement of coffee (Coffea arabica L. ). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 38, 2, pp 129 -138 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Etienne-Biotech-Coffee-2002. pdf

This is the first report of cloning of the promoter for a gene involved in caffeine biosynthetic pathway and it opens up the possibility of studying the molecular mechanisms that regulate the production of caffeine. Satyanarayana, K. V. , Kumar, V. , Chandrashekar, A. , & Ravishankar, G. A. (2005) Isolation of promoter for N-methyltransferase gene associated with caffeine biosynthesis in Coffea canephora. Journal of Biotechnology, 119, 1, pp 20 -25 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Satyanarayana-Isolation-Promoter-2005. pdf

Fig. 5. Biosynthesis of caffeine from xanthosine and the conversi xanthine and its breakdown to CO 2 and NH 3 via the purine catab Abbreviations: CS, caffeine synthase; MXS, methylxanthosine sy methylxanthosine nucleotidase; NSD, inosine–guanosine nucleos adenosyl-L-homocysteine; SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methione; XDH, x dehydrogenase. Ashihara, H. & Crozier, A. (2001) Caffeine: a well known but little mentioned compound in plant scien Science, 6, 9, pp 407 -413 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Ashihara-Caffeine-2001. pd

cloning of caffeine biosynthesis genes opens up the possibili g genetic engineering to produce naturally decaffeinated tea

PCR amplification of Ds. RFP gene and visual detection of the red fluorescent protein demonstrated 33% transformed embryos. The protocol presented here produces reliable transgenic coffee embryos in two months. Canche-Moo, R. L. R. , Ku-Gonzalez, A. , Burgeff, C. , Loyola-Vargas, V. M. , Rodriguez-Zapata, L. C. , & Castano, E. (2006) Genetic transformation of Coffea canephora by vacuum infiltration. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 84, 3, pp 373 -377 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Canche-Mo-Transform-Vacuum-Coffee-2006. pdf

Coffee plants transformed with the GUS gene 1 Hatanaka, T. , Choi, Y. E. , Kusano, T. , & Sano, H. (1999) Transgenic plants of coffee Coffea canephora from embryogenic callus via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Plant Cell Reports, 19, 2, pp 106 -110 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Hatanaka-Transgenic-bact-tum-1999. pdf

Ribas, A. F. , Kobayashi, A. K. , Pereira, L. F. P. , & Vieira, L. G. E. (2006) Production of herbicide-resistant coffee plants (Coffea canephora P. ) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 49, 1, pp 11 -19 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Ribas-herbic-resist-Coffee-2006. pdf

Cattaneo, M. G. , Yafuso, C. , Schmidt, C. , Huang, C. -y. , Rahman, M. , Olson, C. , Ellers-Kirk, C. , Orr, B. J. , Marsh, S. E. , Antilla, L. , Dutilleul, P. , & Carriere, Y. (2006) Farm-scale evaluation of the impacts of transgenic cotton on biodiversity, pesticide use, and yield 10. 1073/pnas. 0508312103. PNAS, 103, 20, pp 7571 -7576 http: //www. pnas. org/cgi/content/abstract/103/20/7571 AND http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Cotton/Cattaneo-Farmscale-Bt-cotton-2006. pdf Average number of broad-spectrum insecticide applications in non. Tr, Bt, and Bt. Hr cotton (with 95%confidence intervals). The number of insecticide applications was significantly higher in non. Tr than in transgenic cotton in 2002 (one-tailed contrast, t 4. 13, df 72, P 0. 0001) (a) and in 2003 (one-tailed contrast, t 1. 99, df 72, P 0. 025) (b). The number of insecticide applications was higher in 2003 than in 2002 (P 0. 058), although differences in insecticide applications among cotton types did not vary between years (P 0. 47).

Figure 3. Anti-herbivore effects of transgenic plants. (A) Tobacco cutworm (S. litura) larvae at the third instar were allowed to feed on six leaf dics, three from caffeine producing, and three from control plants. Bar indicates 5 mm. (B) Leaf disc choice test. After feeding for 3 h in the dark, each disc was collected and photographed. Two transgenic lines were tested; lines #1 (Test 1) and #2 (Test 2) contained caffeine at 5 lg and 0. 4 lg per g fresh weight, respectively. Disc samples are from caffeine containing (1 and 3) and control leaves (2 and 4). (C) Quantification of feeding behavior. Twenty replicate tests were performed for one transgenic plant as described above, and fed leaf areas (vertical axis) were calculated with the aid of an image analyzer. The horizontal axis indicates the duplicated test (Test 1 and Test 2) with discs from caffeine containing (1 and 3) and control leaves (2 and 4), respectively. Some tests which showed no feeding were excluded from the evaluation. Uefuji, H. , Tatsumi, Y. , Morimoto, M. , Kaothien-Nakayama, P. , Ogita, S. , & Sano, H. (2005) Caffeine production in tobacco plants by simultaneous expression of three coffee N-methyltrasferases and its potential as a pest repellant. Plant Molecular Biology, 59, 2, pp 221 -227 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Uefuj-Coffein-Tobacco-2005. pdf

F Transformed plants from C. canephora during bioassays. The Cry 1 Ac protein was detected by Western blotting in both plants, and they were exposed to the insects at the same time. Plant 1 shows leaves susceptible to the pest, plant 2 is resistant to the pest Leroy, T. , Henry, A. M. , Royer, M. , Altosaar, I. , Frutos, R. , Duris, D. , & Philippe, R. (2000) Genetically modified coffee plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis cry 1 Ac gene for resistance to leaf miner. Plant Cell Reports, 19, 4, pp 382 -389 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Leroy-Bt-resistance-2000. pdf

Comparison of the gene ontology-based gene annotation categories for the coffee EST-derived unigene set, tomato ESTderived unigene set and the Arabidopsis proteome. Figure contains only categories in which more than 1% of the coffee unigenes were assigned. Categories for which coffee differs most significantly from Arabidopsis are shown in underline bold. Lin, C. W. , Mueller, L. A. , Mc Carthy, J. , Crouzillat, D. , Petiard, V. , & Tanksley, S. D. (2005) Coffee and tomato share common gene repertoires as revealed by deep sequencing of seed and cherry transcripts. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 112, 1, pp 114 -130 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Coffee/Lin-Coffee-Tomato-2005. pdf

Coffea sp. nov. One of the newly discovered species of coffee, found for the first time in 1996 at Tsingy de Bemaraha, western Madagascar. The bizarre winged fruits are unlike any other coffee species. Aaron Davis, Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond Surrey, TW 9 3 AB, UK. E-mail: A. Davis@kew. org

Coffee Biotech Research Group in Campinas, Brazil

Cohen, J. I. (2005) Poorer nations turn to publicly developed GM crops (vol 23, pg 27, 2005). Nature Biotechnology, 23, 3, pp 366 -366 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Public. Sector-Danforth-20050304/Cohen-Naturebiotech-2005. pdf

The national percentage of cropland planted with conservation tillage technology surpassed the percentage of plowed ground in 1997. Indiana was one of the top five contributors to the increase in acreage farmed with the erosion-busting technology. Here a farmer plants into corn stalk residue. (Purdue Agricultural Communications Service Photo by Mike Kerper) Color photo, electronic transmission, and Web and ftp download available. Photo ID: Evans. Notill

www. ctic. purdue. edu/CTIC. html or http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Herbizide. Tol/Fawcett-Biotech. Paper. pdf Fawcett, R. & Towery, D. (2002), Electronic Source: Conservation tillage and plant biotechnology: How new technologies can improve the environment by reducing the need to plow. , published by: Purdue University, accessed: 2003

Old Order Amish Farmer in Lancaster, Penssylv.

Mäder, P. , Fliessbach, A. , Dubois, D. , Gunst, L. , Fried, P. , & Niggli, U. (2002) Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming. Science, 296, 5573, pp 1694 -1697 http: //www. botanischergarten. ch/Organic/Maeder-Science-2002 -p 1694. pdf

European Safety Attitude: let not the Europeans decide about Biosafety in Africa, do your own safety assessment

Not this kind of future, PLEASE!