CNS Central Nervous System CNS Brain and Spinal
CNS Central Nervous System
CNS §Brain and Spinal Cord
CNS: PROTECTION §Turn to page 220 -221
CNS: PROTECTION §BONE: §Cranium = brain §Vertebrate = spine
CNS: PROTECTION §Meninges: Fiborus tissue §Color code a, b, b 1, c
CNS: PROTECTION §Dura Mater: Toughest connective tissue §Right under cranium
CNS: PROTECTION §Arachnoid: Spider-web covering under dura mater.
CNS: PROTECTION §Subarachnoid: Pockets of the arachnoid that contain cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
CNS: PROTECTION §Pia Mater: Delicate, contains many blood vessels.
CNS: PROTECTION §CSF: Circulates subarachnoid space §Cushions, and nourishes. §Surrounds entire CNS
Ohio State University: Neurology: College of Medicine. § CSF from the lumbar region contains 15 to 45 mg/dl protein (lower in childen) and 50 -80 mg/dl glucose (two-thirds of blood glucose). Protein concentration in cisternal and ventricular CSF is lower. Normal CSF contains 0 -5 mononuclear cells. The CSF pressure, measured at lumbar puncture (LP), is 100 -180 mm of H 2 O (8 -15 mm Hg) with the patient lying on the side and 200 -300 mm with the patient sitting up.
Problems § Increased protein: In bacterial meningitis, CSF protein may rise to 500 mg/dl. A more moderate increase (150 -200 mg/dl) occurs in inflammatory diseases of meninges (meningitis, encephalitis), intracranial tumors, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral infarction. A more severe increase occurs in the Guillain-Barré syndrome and acoustic and spinal schwannoma.
Problem § Xanthochromia (blonde color) of the CSF following subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to oxyhemoglobin which appears in 4 to 6 hours and bilirubin which appears in two days. Xanthochromia may also be seen with hemorrhagic infarcts, brain tumors, and jaundice.
§ § Normal Clear as water Abnormal findings Faint yellow, orange or pink (Xanthochromia) § CSF Protein >100 mg/dl § Red Blood Cell lysis § Red Blood Cell >100, 000/mm 3 (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage) § Cloudy or turbid § CSF Leukocytes > 200 wbc/mm 3 § Red Blood Cells > 400 per mm 3 § Brown or Dark CSF § Metastatic Melanoma (meningeal Melanomatosis) § Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) § Green CSF § Hyperbilirubinemia § Purulent cerebrospinal fluid
§ (1) intervertebral discs, (2) vertebral bodies, (3) dura, (4) epidural space, (5) spinal cord, and (6) subdural space
BRAIN
BRAIN §Folded to increase surface area § 35 billion neurons (98%) §Adult = 3 lbs
Brain §Brain (3 lbs) at rest needs as much oxygen as 61 lbs of skeletal muscle.
Brain §Turn to page 224
BRAIN §Gyrus: Peaks of the folds, ridges. §Sulcus: furrow or groove between gyrus
Brain § Ventricles: CSF circulate in four major canals. (Travels through brain and into spine) Continuous. § Blue on page 228
BRAINSTEM
BRAINSTEM §Lower brain §Unconscious part
BRAINSTEM § COLOR CODE: § Med. Oblongata = k § Pons = f § Midbrain = a § Reticular formation = g
MEDULLA OBLONGATA §Breathing §Heart rate §Reflex center
PONS §Connects cerebellum to cerebrum §Breathing
Midbrain §Like a hook §Diencephalon to cerebrum §Eye reflexes
Reticular formation §Fibers in the middle of brainstem (connects to RAS) §Inactive so are you! Consciousness.
Diencephalon
COLOR §Color code the Diencephalon to the right. §Thalamus = a §Hypothalamus = b
Diencephalon §On top of brainstem
Thalamus §Relay station for sensory headed to the cerebrum. §Filters out messages.
RAS §Reticular Activation System §Deals with arousal and consciousness.
HYPOTHALAMUS §Maintains homeostasis (temp) §Emotions: Rage, pleasure, pain, thirst, hunger
COLOR CODE §On middle picture page 10 §Cerebellum = h §Arbor Vitae = i
CEREBELLUM §Controls muscle balance and coordination. §Lower, posterior part of brain.
Arbor Vitae §White “tree-shaped” structure inside cerebellum.
Cerebrum §Color code §Frontal = a, a 1, a 2 §Parietal = b, b 1 §Temporal = c, c 1 §Occipital = d, d 1
Cerebrum §Outer layer, largest region, called cortex §About 1 inch thick § 4 lobes
Frontal lobe §Higher level thinking §Personality, speech center.
Parietal Lobe §Sensory for touch and pain
Temporal lobe §Sensory for hearing and smell
Occipital lobe §(back) Sensory for vision
§Brain time
Limbic system §Area around center of brain. §Not too much known about area.
Limbic system §Emotion: Emotional states, fear, rage and sexual arousal.
Limbic system §Memory and learning: §Long term memory and retrieval (hippocampus) (learning)
Lateralization §Brain divided laterally into 2 hemispheres. §Connected by corpus callosum
Lateralization §RIGHT music, art, creative §Left math, verbal
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