Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries Clupeids Sardines Herrings Anchovies

Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries Clupeids Sardines Herrings Anchovies Gadoids Haddock Hake Pollock Cod, and Cod

Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries Clupeids Sardines Herrings Anchovies Gadoids Haddock Hake Pollock Cod, and Cod

Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries Clupeids Sardines Herrings Anchovies Gadoids Haddock Hake Pollock Cod, and Cod

Clupeids and Gadoids are r-selected rate of change =

sardines whales

Japanese Pilchard Sardinops melanostictus ~ 20 cm length

Geographical distribution of the four subpopulations of Japanese pilchards and annual catch by region from 1972 to 1976. Numbers in circles are catch in thousands of tonnes.

Commercial catch of Japanese pilchards

Kuroshio Current A. 1964 -1971 Poor Nutrient Supply C. 1971 -1975 Excellent Nutrient Supply B. 1975 -1977 Adequate Nutrient Supply

Commercial catch of Japanese pilchards

Survival of young Japanese pilchards from eggs to postlarvae at an age of ten weeks.

Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus ~ 25 cm length

Migration routes of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring.

Commercial catch, recruitment of 3 -year old fish, and spawning biomass of Norwegian spring spawning herring.

Percentage contribution of year classes of Norwegian spring spawn herring to the adult stock from 1954 through 1962. The very good year class of 1950 began first appearing in significant numbers in 1954 and dominated the adult stock throughout this period.

Migration routes of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring during the period 1963 -1966.

Growth curves of Norewgian spring-spawning herring during various periods of time.

(A) Catch of North Sea herring and (B) spawning stock biomass of the autumn spawning herring. The dashed line in panel B is the target spawning stock of 1. 3 Mt recommended by the ICES.

Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii ~ 25 cm length

The location of the nine major populations of British Columbia herring. Clupea pallasii

Drum seining was developed mainly for small vessels fishing for salmon in river estuaries, bays and creeks on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. These seiners have usually the bridge and accommodation placed forward. Echo-sounder and sonar are used to locate schools of target species. Drum and a seine skiff are used during the fishing operations. The drum is mounted on the stern of the vessel. Vessels fitted with drums range from 19 to 22 m in length.

Time series of British Columbia herring catch

Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua ~ 100 cm length

Commercial cod landings in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Commercial catches of cod in the North Sea

Harvest of sexually immature fish Over capitalization Habitat destruction Recruitment overfishing Closure of fishery Japanese pilchards Norwegian spring -spawning herring Canadian Pacific herring Canadian Atlantic cod N. Sea cod N. Sea herring

A Couple of Success Stories: Thank Cod! Iceland Background Expanding EEZs Cod Wars! Diversification Alaska Background Pollock Lessons Learned?

Iceland Background Location Recent History

Iceland Recent History A Poor Colony Until WWII Independence from Denmark Application of Technology to Fishing Marine Resources as Step to the Future

Iceland Expansion of Icelandic EEZ 1832: “EEZs” set at 3 miles 1950: Iceland claims 4 miles 1958: Iceland claims 12 miles 1972: Iceland claims 50 miles 1975: Iceland claims 200 miles

Iceland Cod Wars! 1958: Great Britain - 37 Royal Navy Ships Iceland - 7 Coast Guard Ships 1972: Iceland vs. Britain and Germany Trawl-cutting, Ramming, Shots 1975: More of the same “The English are our best enemies” “You’ll go to a 200 -mile EEZ soon, and we Icelanders will advise you on how to do it. ”

Iceland Diversification Expanding EEZ not done simply for the cod Exploitation of the resource a step to the future Development of geothermal resources Development of biotechnology Development of a very high standard of living

Alaska Pollock Theragro chalcagramma ~ 80 cm length

Alaska Pollock Timeline: 1970 s - 1980 s - Mostly Foreign Fleets 1976 - US 200 -mile EEZ established 1978 - Gulf of Alaska Groundfish Management Plan 1988 - US Fishing and Processing Capacity Adequate to Phase Out Foreign Fleets

Cod and the 200 -Mile EEZ Canada - Cod as the only resource, fishing seen as the employer of (first and) last resort Iceland - Cod as a primary resource, fishing seen as of vital national importance in a larger context Alaska - Learned the lessons of both?

Here’s Something to Worry About Clupeids and Gadoids are r-selected species. What happens when we exploit K-selected populations?

Some Resources Fisheries Mismanagement: The Case of the North Atlantic Cod Rognvaldur Hannesson, 1996 Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World Mark Kurlansky, 1997

Some Resources http: //www. nmfs. noaa. gov/fishwatch/ http: //www. atsea. org/images/Overview Sustainable. Fisheries. pdf http: //www. fao. org/