clumped uniform random Population grow in predictable patterns

clumped

uniform

random

Population grow in predictable patterns Immigrations and births into population Emigrations and deaths leaving population Based on available resources Immigrations>emigrations--- population grows Emigrations>Immigrations– population declines Immigration=emigrations– population same

Exponential growth Rapid growth due to lots of resources

Logistic growth Population growth facing limited resources

Carrying capacity Maximum number of individuals an environment can hold

Limiting factors Something that keeps the size of a population down Density-dependent predation Competition parasitism and disease

Density-independent unusual weather natural disasters human activities

Ecological succession is a process of change in the species that make up a community. Occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem Regenerations or creates a community after a disturbance a sequence of biotic changes damaged communities are regenerated new communities arise in previously uninhabited areas

2 types of succession primary succession — started by pioneer species

secondary species succession — started by remaining

Biomes- land based 6 major

Tropical rain forest biomes produce lush forests. Warm temperature Lots of precipitation Source: World Meteorological Organization

Grassland biomes are where the primary plant life is grass. Temperate grasslands are dry and warm during the summer; most precipitation falls as snow. Tropical grasslands are warm through the year, with definite dry and rainy seasons.

Temperate Tropical grasslands

Tucson, Arizona Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration Desert biomes are characterized by a very arid climate. very low amount of precipitation four types: hot, semi-arid, coastal, and cold

Temperate forest biomes include deciduous forests and rain forests. Deciduous trees are the dominant plant species Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration

Temperate deciduous forests have hot summers and cold winters. The temperate rain forests have a long wet season and relatively dry summer.

The taiga biome is located in cooler northern climates Banff, Canada Source: Environment Canada

The tundra biome is found in the far northern latitudes with long winters. winter lasts 10 months limited precipitation permafrost Barrow, Alaska Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration

Polar ice caps and mountains are not considered biomes. Polar ice caps have no soil, therefore no plant community. The climate and organisms found on mountains change as the elevation changes.

Marine ecosystems are global The ocean can be divided into zones. intertidal zone neritic zone bathmat zone abyssal zone

The neritic zone harbors more biomass than any other zone. zooplankton Phytoplankton Coastal Coral waters reefs are found in warm waters. Kelp forests are found in cold, nutrient-rich waters.

FRESHWATER An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water. mixture of fresh water with salt water Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems Freshwater bodies are divided into three zones. littoral zone limnetic zone benthic zone The upwelling brings up nutrients.