Climate Change What is Happening and What we

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Climate Change: What is Happening and What we can do … International Environmental Policy

Climate Change: What is Happening and What we can do … International Environmental Policy Hari Srinivas Room: I-312 / 079 -565 -7406

BACKGROUND Introduction to Climate Change A few basic facts > Human activities are releasing

BACKGROUND Introduction to Climate Change A few basic facts > Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. > Climate change is a global issue: 1 t. CO 2 emitted in India = 1 t. CO 2 emitted in USA. > Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate. > Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1, 4 to 5, 8 degrees by 2100. > Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, economy and society.

BACKGROUND Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

BACKGROUND Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

BACKGROUND Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

BACKGROUND Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

BACKGROUND Climate change tends by 2100 TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS 5 degrees = What separates us

BACKGROUND Climate change tends by 2100 TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS 5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC) : IPCC/SRESA 2 Models’Source forecasts : +1, 4 to +5, 8 degrees by 2100.

CLIMATE CHANGE Visual impact of Climate Change

CLIMATE CHANGE Visual impact of Climate Change

CLIMATE CHANGE Impact of Climate Change on society …Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma… Climate change

CLIMATE CHANGE Impact of Climate Change on society …Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma… Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

CLIMATE CHANGE Cost of extreme weather events

CLIMATE CHANGE Cost of extreme weather events

CLIMATE CHANGE CO 2 emissions from industrial process

CLIMATE CHANGE CO 2 emissions from industrial process

CLIMATE CHANGE CO 2 emissions from land use change

CLIMATE CHANGE CO 2 emissions from land use change

CLIMATE CHANGE Less visual but with major impact Consequences of climate change: Agriculture and

CLIMATE CHANGE Less visual but with major impact Consequences of climate change: Agriculture and food security Crop yields, irrigation demands. . . Forest Composition, health and productivity. . . Water resources Water supply, water quality. . . Coastal areas Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention. . . > Temperature increase > Sea level rise > More rain Species and natural areas Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems. . . Human health Infectious diseases, human settlements. . .

UNFCCC Overview of UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change A global legal

UNFCCC Overview of UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change A global legal instrument (international agreement) on the control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG). Adopted in 1992, entered into force in 1994. Status of participation: 189 Parties. Contains 2 annexes: Annex 1: countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change Annex 2: countries with obligations to provide financing to developing countries for their obligations under UNFCC Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol.

UNFCCC Overall goal and objectives What is the overall goal? “ to protect the

UNFCCC Overall goal and objectives What is the overall goal? “ to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of mankind. ” What are the further objectives? “ to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. ”

UNFCCC Means to achieve the objectives What can be done to protect the climate

UNFCCC Means to achieve the objectives What can be done to protect the climate system? > Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors and development of new and renewable energy forms/sources. > Protection of sinks and reservoirs of GHGs. > Limitation and reduction of transport and waste management -related emissions. > Policy changes toward elimination of market imperfections and implementation of market-based instruments, and policy reform to support GHG limits and reductions.

UNFCCC Institutional framework

UNFCCC Institutional framework

UNFCCC National level actors National UNFCCC focal points > Responsible for the Government’s interaction

UNFCCC National level actors National UNFCCC focal points > Responsible for the Government’s interaction and communication with UNFCCC. > Usually a specific ministry / department. > Usually interacting with a wide range of other organizations / stakeholders at the national level.

UNFCCC Market-based instruments Kyoto Protocol characteristics > Commits Annex 1 countries to reduce GHG

UNFCCC Market-based instruments Kyoto Protocol characteristics > Commits Annex 1 countries to reduce GHG emissions by 5. 2% by 2012 compared to 1990. > Actual commitment period: 2008 - 2012. > Individual goals for each country. 3 mechanisms to help countries to reach their commitments > ETS - Emissions Trading System > CDM - Clean Development Mechanism (session 5) > JI - Join Implementation (session 6) 6 greenhouse gases: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, PFCs, HFCs, SF 6.

UNFCCC Ratification of the Kyoto protocol Signed and ratified Signed, ratification pending Signed, ratification

UNFCCC Ratification of the Kyoto protocol Signed and ratified Signed, ratification pending Signed, ratification declined No position

KYOTO PROTOCOL Emissions’ evolution in Annex 1 (2003) Decreased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline)

KYOTO PROTOCOL Emissions’ evolution in Annex 1 (2003) Decreased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline) Increased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline)

KYOTO PROTOCOL Sectors concerned Energy supply (24 to 48% of total GHG) > Fuel

KYOTO PROTOCOL Sectors concerned Energy supply (24 to 48% of total GHG) > Fuel combustion (energy production, manufacturing, transport, etc. ) > Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas, solid fuels, etc. ) Industrial processes (5 to 36% of total GHG) > Production (metal production, mineral products, chemical industry etc. ) > Consumption (halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, solvents etc. ) Waste management (primarily CH 4) > Solid waste disposal on land, incineration, wastewater handling etc. Land use (0, 3 to 9% of total GHG) > Agriculture (enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils, prescribed burning of savannas, field burning of agricultural residues, etc. ) > Forestry.

KYOTO PROTOCOL “Flexible mechanisms” ETS - Emissions Trading System > Can be used as

KYOTO PROTOCOL “Flexible mechanisms” ETS - Emissions Trading System > Can be used as supplementary to actions to meet reduction commitments. > One AAU (Assigned Amount Units) represents the tradable right to emit one tonne CO 2 eq. CDM - Clean Development Mechanism > Allows public or private entities to invest in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigating activities in developing countries. > CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) can be used by the project investor to meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market. JI - Joint Implementation > Emission reduction projects implemented jointly between Annex I countries (developed countries and transition economies). > ERUs (Emission Reduction Units) can be used by the project investor to meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market.

KYOTO PROTOCOL CO 2 market mechanisms Limitations of CO 2 emissions in developed countries

KYOTO PROTOCOL CO 2 market mechanisms Limitations of CO 2 emissions in developed countries (Annex I) 4 options for companies 1. Pay expensive fines. 2. Carry out carbon reduction through processes improvement. 3. Buy emissions 4. Carry out carbon credits on the reduction through CO 2 market (ETS). technology transfers in CDM or JI project.

KYOTO PROTOCOL Key Opportunities for industries In Developing Countries (part of Annex 2): No

KYOTO PROTOCOL Key Opportunities for industries In Developing Countries (part of Annex 2): No national GHG reduction commitments but opportunity to host CDM projects, thereby benefiting from associated investments, technology transfer and transfer of know-how. In Economies in Transition (part of Annex 1): JI present an opportunity for these countries with “emission reductions to spare” to attract investments and technology transfer. What are the main opportunities for industrie? > Technology transfer to improve process and energy efficiency > Co-finance investments by selling emission credits > Prepare for future commitments (after 2012) > Achieve sustainable development

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level What can be done at the national level?

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level What can be done at the national level? > National reporting of GHG emissions; > Sources of technical assistance; > Training and technology transfer; > Ensuring compliance: penalties for not meeting reduction targets (Annex B countries [Kyoto]): “ For every 1 ton of CO 2 emissions of non-compliance during the first implementation period, 1. 3 must be reduced during the following implementation period. ”

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level 1. Enabling activities - overcoming barriers > work

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level 1. Enabling activities - overcoming barriers > work with government > work with industry 2. Kyoto Protocol implementation > work with JI or CDM projects as project partner/proponent 3. Function as a verification agency (DOE) > auditing and on-going verification

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level How can we work with governments ? >

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level How can we work with governments ? > Public sector awareness and education > Policy advice related to industries’ needs to enable JI/CDM projects, in co-ordination with National CDM authority. > Build relationship with National JI/CDM authority: - co-operation on awareness-raising, workshops; - co-operation with policy advice to government; - co-operation with pilot studies, projects.

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level How can we work with industry ? >

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level How can we work with industry ? > Private sector awareness and education workshops. > Continued emphasis on energy efficiency in relevant sectors including GHG measurements: - renewable energy sources - energy conversion and recovery - new energy efficient processes - technology transfer for non-energy-related GHG reductions > Develop projects with industry: - integrate greenhouse gas calculations into in-plant assessments; - transfer investment financing knowledge toward climate related project development

KYOTO PROTOCOL Synthesis Policy advice on industry’s needs to enable JI/CDM. With national focal

KYOTO PROTOCOL Synthesis Policy advice on industry’s needs to enable JI/CDM. With national focal point (NFP), develop projects for funding Engage in technology needs assessments projects with national governments. Propose JI/CDM projects. Raise awareness of JI/CDM opportunities among local key industries and partners. Assistance in formulation of National Implementation Plans (GHG inventories, needs, etc. ).