CLIL Nervous System Cerebral cortex Nervous System The

(CLIL) Nervous System Cerebral cortex

Nervous System – The cerebral cortex The telencephalon consists of two cerebral hemispheres (left and right), separated by the interhemispheric fissure. In humans, the telencephalon, also called the cerebrum, is the largest brain region and is involved in sensory perception, learning, memory, and behavior. Interhemispheric fissure

Nervous System – The cerebral cortex Each hemisphere can be divided into four sections, which are known as lobes. The frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. The name of the lobes derives from that of Lateral sulcus the bones covering them.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex is the outer covering of gray matter over the hemispheres. This is typically 2 - 3 mm thick and is convoluted to fit into the skull. The ridges of the cortex are called gyri (sing. gyrus) and the valleys sulci (sing. sulcus).

Nervous System - The Lobes, sulci and gyri Lateral sulcus cerebral cortex

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex Regions of the cerebral cortex have specific functions (functional areas). Two types of cortical areas can be recognized. Primary cortex: cortical regions that have single basic functions. These include areas directly receiving sensory input (e. g. vision), or directly involved in production of body or eye movements. Association cortex: is made up of areas that integrate or associate sensory information or memories.

Nervous System - The Cortical functional areas cerebral cortex

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex The frontal lobe: is located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning, planning and expressive language (Broca’s area). At the back of the frontal lobe, near the central sulcus, lies the primary motor cortex (PMC). This area of the brain receives information from various lobes of the brain and utilizes this information to carry out body movements. Damage to the frontal lobe can lead to changes in sexual habits, socialization, and attention as well as increased risk-taking.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex The parietal lobe: is located in the middle section of the brain and is associated with, taste, body awareness (the capacity of the brain to perceive the body segments) and with the processing of tactile sensory information. This last function is performed by the primary somatosensory cortex (PSC), located just behind the central sulcus.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex Map of PMC (red) and PSC (blue) brain areas dedicated to motor and sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex The temporal lobe: is located on the bottom section of the brain. This lobe is the location of the primary auditory cortex and of the Wernicke’s area, which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear. Association areas of the temporal lobe involve, object naming and face recognition.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex The occipital lobe: is located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. The primary visual cortex, which receives and interprets information from the retinas of the eyes, is located in the occipital lobe. Damage to this lobe can cause visual problems such as difficulty recognizing objects, an inability to identify colors and words.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex Language areas The lateralization of language functions shows that 97 percent occurs in the left brain hemisphere. Damage to the left hemisphere often causes a deficit in the ability to use or understand words, a condition known as aphasia.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex Imaging techniques reveal active parts of the brain when reading and speaking

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex Two cortical areas are specifically involved with language: • Broca’s area located in the frontal lobe, damage results in slow or lost speech but a person can read and understand language; The cerebral cortex • Wernicke’s area is in the temporal lobe, damage results in an inability to speak sensibly, as written or spoken language is not understood, a person may still be able to produce speech (fluent aphasia); The angular gyrus is also an area essential for integrating spoken and written language.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex Spoken language input flows from the auditory cortex (1) to the Wernicke’s area (2). Speech commands are formulated in the Wernicke’s area (2), travel to the Broca’s area (3), and then to the primary motor cortex (4) for production.

Nervous System - The cerebral cortex Written language input flows from the visual cortex (1) to the angular gyrus (2) to Wernicke’s area (3). Speech commands are formulated in the Wernicke’s area (3), travel to the Broca’s area (4), and then to the primary motor cortex (3) for production.