Classifying Organisms Biology 8B Kingdom Stations Well have

Classifying Organisms Biology 8(B)

Kingdom Stations We’ll have 8 groups total: 1. Print slides 7 -12 and place one slide on each table (6 groups) 2. Have one station for dichotomous keys (provide slide 17 for reference) Alien Invasion? Plant Dichotomous Key? 3. Have one station for cladogram review (provide slides 14 -16 for reference) Plant cladogram questions? On day 2, use slides 25 -27 to review the kingdoms and 1822 to review dichotomous keys

Classifying Organisms Taxonomy – the science of classifying organisms Taxonomists use a seven level classification system • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

Classifying Organisms Comparing the classification of a domestic housecat and a mountain lion: Mountain Lion Domestic Cat Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Felis Specific name concolor domesticus

Classifying Organisms Comparing the classification of the wolf and a polar bear: Wolf Polar Bear Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Canidae Urisdae Genus Canis Ursus Specific name lupis maritimus

Taxonomic Groups All living organisms are grouped into one of a few major categories. • Most widely accepted classification system used by taxonomists groups organisms into six major groups or kingdoms – – – Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Taxonomic Groups Group (Kingdom) Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Major Characteristics Examples Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme Methane-producing archaea, environments, unicellular, autotrophs or thermophiles heterotrophs Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, E. coli, salmonella unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Mushrooms, molds, yeasts Mammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges

Cladograms Clade – group of related organisms Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary descent C B A Properties of cladogram • Each split represents appearance of new trait(s) • Related organisms are closer together new trait(s)

Cladograms Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary descent What can be determined from this cladogram? Lemurs Lorises Tarsiers New world Old world Apes Humans • Primates share Monkeys common ancestor • Humans more closely related to apes than to monkeys • Lemurs lack traits common to monkeys

Cladograms Cladogram of a group of animals Tuataras Lizards Snakes Crocodiles Birds What can be determined from this cladogram? • Tuataras are not lizards • Birds share common ancestor with reptiles • Snakes are more closely related to lizards than crocodiles Image modified from Benchill [GNU]

Dichotomous Key Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms • Also called classification key • Helps user observe similarities and differences among organisms • Each step presents a level of identification – Only one of the statements in a step can be true about a single organism

Dichotomous Key What is the scientific name of this seashell? Seashell Dichotomous Key Image by Shellnut (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3. 0] 1 a Cone-shaped Go to 2 1 b Not cone-shaped Go to 5 2 a Outside surface smooth Go to 3 2 b Outside surface rigid Go to 4 3 a Surface solid color Conus californicus 3 b Surface spotted Conus spurius 4 a Surface one color Calliostoma supragranulosa 4 b Surface has contrasting stripe Calliostoma annulatum 5 a Holes along shell margin Haliotis refuscens 5 b No holes along shell margin Go to 6 6 a Purple in color 6 b Not purple in color Janthina janthina Littorina obtusata

Dichotomous Key What is the scientific name of this seashell? Seashell Dichotomous Key Image by Hans Hillewaert (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3. 0] 1 a Cone-shaped Go to 2 1 b Not cone-shaped Go to 5 2 a Outside surface smooth Go to 3 2 b Outside surface rigid Go to 4 3 a Surface solid color Conus californicus 3 b Surface spotted Conus spurius 4 a Surface one color Calliostoma supragranulosa 4 b Surface has contrasting stripe Calliostoma annulatum 5 a Holes along shell margin Haliotis refuscens 5 b No holes along shell margin Go to 6 6 a Purple in color 6 b Not purple in color Janthina janthina Littorina obtusata

Dichotomous Key What is the scientific name of this seashell? Seashell Dichotomous Key 1 a Cone-shaped Go to 2 1 b Not cone-shaped Go to 5 2 a Outside surface smooth Go to 3 2 b Outside surface rigid Go to 4 3 a Surface solid color Conus californicus 3 b Surface spotted Conus spurius 4 a Surface one color Calliostoma supragranulosa 4 b Surface has contrasting stripe Calliostoma annulatum 5 a Holes along shell margin Haliotis refuscens 5 b No holes along shell margin Go to 6 6 a Purple in color 6 b Not purple in color Janthina janthina Littorina obtusata

Dichotomous Key Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in? Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key Image by Dario Sanches (Own Work) [CC-BY-SA-2. 0] 1 a Spinal column present Go to 2 1 b Spinal column absent Invertebrate 2 a Fins and gills present Fish 2 b Fins and gills absent Go to 3 3 a Scales present Reptile 3 b Scales absent Go to 4 4 a Feathers present Bird 4 b Feathers absent Go to 5 5 a Hair or fur present Mammal 5 b Hair or fur absent Amphibian

Dichotomous Key Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in? Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key 1 a Spinal column present Go to 2 1 b Spinal column absent Invertebrate 2 a Fins and gills present Fish 2 b Fins and gills absent Go to 3 3 a Scales present Reptile 3 b Scales absent Go to 4 4 a Feathers present Bird 4 b Feathers absent Go to 5 5 a Hair or fur present Mammal 5 b Hair or fur absent Amphibian

Dichotomous Key Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in? Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key 1 a Spinal column present Go to 2 1 b Spinal column absent Invertebrate 2 a Fins and gills present Fish 2 b Fins and gills absent Go to 3 3 a Scales present Reptile 3 b Scales absent Go to 4 4 a Feathers present Bird 4 b Feathers absent Go to 5 5 a Hair or fur present Mammal 5 b Hair or fur absent Amphibian

Classifying Organisms Learning Objectives • Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups – Using characteristics of major groups – Using dichotomous keys

Mystery Organism! A new organism is discovered by a microbiologist. The organism is unicellular, lacks chloroplasts, and has no cell wall. Into which of the six kingdoms should this organism be placed? Group (Kingdom) Archaea Major Characteristics Examples Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs E. coli, salmonella Protista Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs Mushrooms, molds, yeasts nutrients through cell wall, sessile Fungi Plantae Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile Mammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges

Mystery Organism! An organism is found growing on your bathroom wall. It is multicellular, and does not appear to be moving. What kingdom do you think it belongs in? Group (Kingdom) Archaea Major Characteristics Examples Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs E. coli, salmonella Protista Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs Mushrooms, molds, yeasts nutrients through cell wall, sessile Fungi Plantae Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile Mammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges

Mystery Organism! Rana pipiens is an organism about the size of your hand. Its cells are eukaryotic and it eats other members of its own kingdom. It is an excellent swimmer. What kingdom does Rana pipiens belong in? Group (Kingdom) Archaea Major Characteristics Examples Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs E. coli, salmonella Protista Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs Mushrooms, molds, yeasts nutrients through cell wall, sessile Fungi Plantae Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile Mammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges