CLASSIFICATION Why do organisms need a scientific name

CLASSIFICATION Why do organisms need a scientific name?

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species TAXONOMY: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. TURKEY VULTURE (Cathartes aura)

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species WHY CLASSIFY? 1. Why do biologists use a classification system to study the diversity of life? to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species HOW TO CLASSIFY? 2. How do taxonomists group organisms when they classify them? Into groups that have biological significance.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species WHY CLASSIFY? 3. How does classification make life easier? grouping things makes them easier to find and work with 3 a. What are some things we classify?

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Charles Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a hierarchical system of classification including seven levels called taxa. Domain Kingdom Phylum They are, from largest to Class smallest: Order Family Genus Species

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of the taxonomic categories. Only 6 kindgoms for all living organisms: Bacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic categories.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Camelus bactrianus Genus Camelus Family Camelidae Order Artiodactyla Class Mammalia Phylum Chordata Kingdom Animalia Bactrian Dromedary camel Llama Giraffe Albert’s squirrel Coral snake Sea star

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species THINKING CRITICALLY Organism Cat Wolf Fly Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Insecta Order Carnivora Diptera Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae Genus Felis Canis Musca F. domesticus C. lupus M. domestica Species

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species THINKING CRITICALLY 1. What type of animal is Musca domestica? Animal; insect 2. From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? Cat and Wolf 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats Family Level and wolves diverge (become different)?

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other? Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos horribilis Ailuropoda melanoleuca Pictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www. panda. org.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES Many organisms may have several different common names. The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, panther, or puma …thus the need for a scientific name. Felis concolor Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Department © 2004

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES Linnaeus also developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system for naming all species on earth.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES Step 1: a. The first part of the scientific name is the Genus. Homo sapien • capitalized • underlined (or italics) Ursus arctos horribilis

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES Step 2: a. The second part of the scientific name is the species name. • not capitalized • Underlined (or italics) Homo sapien Ursus arctos horribilis

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Binomial Nomenclature Ursus maritimus Genus species Acer rubrum Genus species

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION Classification using Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Cladograms 2 1 3

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Interpreting a Cladogram Clade Tetrapoda Clade Amniota Clade Mammalia Carnivora Clade Felidae Amphibians Reptiles Amniotic egg Four limbs Marsupial s Hair Dogs/Relatives Specialized shearing teeth Cats Retractabl e claws

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Constructing a Cladogram Derived Characters in Organisms Organism Derived Character Backbone Legs Hair Earthworm Absent Trout Present Absent Lizard Present Absent Human Present

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Cladogram

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dichotomous Keys Series of paired statements that describe possible characteristics of an organism. Step Leaf Characteristics 1 a Compound leaf (leaf divided into leaflets) Go to Step 2 1 b Simple leaf (leaf not divided into leaflets) Go to Step 4 2 a Leaflets all attached at a central point Buckeye 2 b Leaflets attached at several points Go to Step 3 3 a Leaflets tapered with pointed tips Pecan 3 b Leaflets oval with rounded tips Locust 4 a Veins branched out from one central point Go to Step 5 4 b Veins branched off main vein in the middle of the leaf Go to Step 6 5 a Heart-shaped leaf Redbud 5 b Star-shaped leaf Sweet gum 6 a Leaf with jagged edges Birch 6 b Leaf with smooth edges Magnolia