Classification What is classification A system used to
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Classification
What is classification? § A system used to place organisms in specific categories based on characteristics.
How are organisms classified? § They are placed into common groups and then assigned a unique scientific name.
How are organisms named? § Through the use of a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature.
How is binomial nomenclature used? § Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name called the genus and the species. It is always written in italics and the first word is capitalized. Ex. Grizzly bear > Ursus arctos Ursus – genus Arctos - species
What systems have been used to classify organisms? § Linnaeus’s System (Traditional method of classification called Taxonomy) § Modern Evolutionary Classification
Describe Linnaeus’s System § Linnaeus’s system grouped and named organisms based on studies of their different characteristics, mainly external.
Linnaeus’s system con’t § Linnaeus’s system used taxonomic categories or rankings.
Taxonomic Rankings from largest to smallest 1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species
Problems with taxonomy § Taxonomists relied strictly on body structure to classify organisms instead of other obvious characteristics. Ex. A whale would be considered a fish. A bat would be considered a bird.
Describe Modern Evolutionary classification § This classification system grouped organisms based on their phylogeny not just physical similarities. § Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species.
Evolutionary history were based on the following: § Structural Similarities § Breeding Behavior § Geographical Distribution § Chromosome Comparisons § Biochemistry
Structural Similarities § Shared physical structures -different types of cats -dandelion, sunflower
Breeding Behavior § How animals attract the opposite sex. -frogs croak…birds chirp…baboons have colorful backsides
Geographical Distribution § Location of species
Chromosome comparisons § Chromosomes nearly identical in structure -cauliflower, cabbage, kale -Chimpanzees, humans, gorillas
Biochemistry § Similar DNA sequences § Red panda and raccoons § Giant pandas and bears
Quiz 1. Why was the use of Linnaeus’s system a problem? 2. Define phylogeny. 3. Name the taxonomic rankings in order from smallest to largest. 4. Name two things that are considered when using Evolutionary classification. 5. Which system is used to name organisms?
Homework What is a cladogram? Complete the Quick lab on page 453 in your textbook.
The six kingdoms
There are six kingdoms listed from least specialized to most specialized 1. Eubacteri 4. Fungi a (Moneran) 5. Plantae 2. Archaebacter 6. Animalia ia (Moneran) 3. Protista
Eubacteria (prokaryotes) § 10, 000 species; very strong cell walls; live in moist habitats except the extreme ones; cause diseases
Archaebacteria (prokaryotes) § Few hundred species; live in extreme environmentsswamps, deep ocean, oxygenfree environments
Protists § Eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems; live in moist areas; unicellular multicellular; heterotrophs;
Fungi § Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment
Plants § Multicellualr, photosynthetic eukaryotes, contain chloroplasts and have cell walls made of cellulose.
Animals § Multi-cellular, eukaryotic consumers; able to move from place to place. § Body structure is radial or bilaterally symmetric
Exercise § Around the room there are several cards with illustrations of organisms. Based on the characteristics provided. Identify the kingdom each organism belongs to. If the organism belongs to the Animal kingdom, identify if the organisms exemplifies bilateral or radial symmetry.
Homework § Describe the Three-Domain System
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