Classification Vertebrates Pg 779 Subphylum Vertebrata of the

Classification

Vertebrates Pg. 779 • Subphylum Vertebrata of the Phylum Chordata • 3 Distinguishing Characteristics: 1. Vertebrae 2. Cranium 3. Endoskeleton

Biology Chapter 39 Pg 779 Vertebrate Phylum • 3 Classes of Fish: 1. Jawless – hagfish, 783, detritivores lamprey, 784, some parasites external fertilization 2. Chondrichthyes – skeleton cartilage, internal fertilization, sharks, rays 3. Osteichthyes – bony fish, external fertilization, fins 788, swim bladder and two chambered heart 790

Fish Homeostasis Pg 782 Freshwater fish – hypertonic, more salt in body than water, gain water, lose ions Saltwater fish – hypotonic, less salt in body than water, lose water, gain ions Pg 795 #5, 6

Sensory Function Pg 783 Olfactory Sacs – smell Lateral Line – sense vibrations in water

Chapter 40: Amphibians Amphibian Cold blooded Vertebrate Comes from Greek words meaning: Double Life- Part of its life is spent on land the other is spent in the water Born in water and have gills Adults live on land Pg. 801 Know the List!!

Skin of Amphibians 2 Important Function: Respiration and Protection Moist- Mucous Glands that supply a lubricant Permeable- H 2 O, CO 2, O 2 Foul secretion for protection

Quiz Your Brain When are most amphibians active? At Night Why is this important? Reduces the amount of water loss by evaporation Since frog usually stay wet, how do frogs in the desert survive?

The Heart- Pg. 805 3 Chambered Heart 1 Ventricle that does not divide like ours What affect does this have on the blood?

Respiration- Pg. 806 Pulmonary Respiration- respiration through the lungs. Small surface area in the lungs Cutaneous Respiration- respiration through the skin Dart Frog- Native to the tropical Rainforests of Central and South America

Sense Organs: Sight, Smell, and Hearing are well developed Why is sight important? Nictating Membrane- transparent, moveable membrane that covers the eye Nictare means “to wink” Sound- detected by the inner ear- No external ear Flat ear drum (Tympanic Membrane)

Quiz Your Brain Identify an advantage and a disadvantage to the permeability of amphibian skin. Explain the path of blood flow through the heart. What is the purpose of the nictating membrane?

Hormones Circulate through the bloodstream. Thyroxine- Hormone that helps tadpoles go through metamorphosis to become frogs.

Chapter 41: Reptiles Eggs- Leathery, Resemble chicken eggs on the inside Called Amniotic Eggs Image on Pg. 823 Decreases H 2 O loss Allows for gas exchange

Heart Pg. 825 -826 Septum- tissue that divides the ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood rarely mix. Pumping blood to the lung uses a lot of energy. Save energy by pumping blood directly to the body and skipping over the lungs. No O 2 needed while under water

Trivia How long can an alligator stay underwater? 30 minutes up to an hour

Respiration Alveoli- sacs in the lungs that increase surface area. Why is this important? Reptiles lungs are large. Breathe similar to how a human breathes.

Thermoregulation Ectotherms- warms its body by absorbing heat from the sun Endotherms- generate heat my metabolic processes Body temperature remains close to its surrounding environment. Do reptiles normally live in hot or cold climates? Why?

Reproduction Oviparity- females reproductive tract encloses each egg with a tough shell. Eggs are deposited in an ideal environment Do reptiles take on any parental responsibilities/ duties? Make a nest for the eggs Cover them to keep the warm Guards the nest Breaks open the nest and carries the babies to the water.

Quiz Your Brain Explain how crocodilians swallow prey under water. Reptiles have _____ in their lungs that helps increase the surface area. List some characteristics of eggs of reptiles.

Class Aves – Birds Ch 42 Pg 841 Ornithology – study of birds Birds and Bats are the only living vertebrates that can fly. Down feathers for warmth Conserve Contour body heat feathers for flying Pg 859 Provide lift for flight- Special on wings and tail

Class Aves: Birds Rigid hollow bones for lightweight strengthfused together Large keel sternum & pectoral muscles for flying Pg 845 Endothermic – warmblooded, controlled steady body temp, requires more energy/oxygen

Class Aves: Birds Air Sacs that store oxygen Pg 847 High efficient respiratory system Travel at high altitudes at low pressures Nine air sacs Makes up most of the abdominal and chest cavity

Lightweight due to one ovary and no rectum No urinary waste is stored Urine and feces pass through the cloaca Crop Do in esophagus that stores & moistens food birds have teeth? Stomach- 2 Part Proventriculus- enzymes and acids begin to break down food Gizzard in stomach to grind food Pg 846

Four chambered heart to supply required energy and oxygen Pg 865 Precocial – can walk and swim after hatching, ducks, chickens Altricial – hatched blind and helpless, tree nesters Pg 849 Class Aves: Birds

Compare Wing Structures Predict the type of habitat. How does the shape of the wings relate to the birds niche? How would the shape of the wings make a bird unsuccessful if introduced into a different environment?

Class - Mammals Pg 861 Endothermic Hair ◦ Insulates against heat loss Mammary glands ◦ Females produce milk to feed their offspring ◦ Located in thorax or abdomen

Class: Mammals 4 chambered heart Pg 865 Single jawbone Pg 882 #25 ◦ Mammalian fossils are often identified using the lower jaw bone Specialized teeth Pg 883 #6 ◦ Front used to bite, cut, or hold prey ◦ Back used to grind, crush, or slice

Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863 1. ◦ ◦ Monotremes Oviparous- lay eggs Platypus- water proof fur, leathery flat bill, wetlands Echidna- dry woodlands, spines, long snout, sticky tongue Australia, Pg

Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863 1. ◦ ◦ Marsupials Pouch Viviparous- giving live birth to an animal that was developed inside the mother kangaroo Opossum

Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863 Placental placenta – viviparous in uterus w/

Orders of PLACENTAL Mammals Pg 870 1. Toothless – anteaters, armadillos, sloths 2. Rodent-like – rabbits 3. Rodents – squirrels, mice, porcupine 4. Flying – bats 5. Insectivores – shrew, hedgehog, mole 6. Carnivores – dogs, cats, seals, sea lions

7. Even-toed hoof – deer, giraffe, pig 8. Odd-toed hoof – horse, rhino 9. Swimming – whales and dolphins 10. Manatees 11. Trunk nosed – elephants 12. Primates – monkeys, humans KNOW PRIMATE CHARACTERISTIC S PG 875!!!