Classification There are two major types of articulations

骨连结的分类Classification There are two major types of articulations or joint. • 直接连结Continuous joints – 纤维连结Fibrous joints（fibrous connective tissue ） • 韧带连结Syndesmosis • 缝Suture – 软骨连结Cartilaginous joints（cartilage） • 透明软骨结合Synchondrosis（hyaline cartilage） • 纤维软骨联合Symphysis（fibrocartilage） – 骨性结合Synosteosis • 间接连结Discontinuous joints －滑膜关节 synovial joints

滑膜关节Synovial joints 基本结构Basic structures • 关节面Articular surface: covered by关节软骨articular cartilage • 关节囊Articular capsule – 纤维膜Fibrous membrane – 滑膜Synovial membrane • 关节腔Articular cavity: containing a trace of 滑液 synovial fluid; 负压 subatmospheric pressure in it

关节的辅助结构Accessory structures • 韧带Ligaments (lig. ): 囊外(内)韧带extra- and intracapsular ligaments • 关节盘Articular disc and 关节唇articular labrum • 滑膜襞Synovial fold and滑 膜囊synovial bursa

关节的运动术语Terms movements of joints • • 移动Translation 屈和伸Flexion and extension 收和展Adduction and abduction 旋转Rotation – 旋内和旋外Medial and lateral rotation – 旋前和旋后Pronation and supination – 足内翻和足外翻Inversion and eversion • 环转Circumduction

关节的分类Classification of synovial joints • 单轴关节Uniaxial joints: – 屈戌关节hinge joints – 车轴关节trochoid (pivot) joints • 双轴关节Biaxial joints: – 椭圆关节ellipsoid joints – 鞍状关节saddle joints • 多轴关节Multiaxial joints: – 球窝关节ball-and-socket joint – 平面关节plane joints

躯干骨的连结Articulations of Bones of Trunk 脊柱The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

椎体间的连结 joints of the vertebral bodies 椎间盘 Intervertebral discs between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: • 髓核Nucleus pulposus, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure • 纤维环Annulus fibrosus an outer fibrous ring consisting of 纤维软骨 fibrocartilage

髓核脱出 Hemination of nucleus pulposus

椎弓间的连结 joints of the vertebral arches • 黄韧带Ligamenta flava ― 连结相邻的椎弓板，参与 椎管后壁的构成并可防止 脊柱过度前屈 • 棘间韧带Interspinal ligament • 棘上韧带Supraspinal ligament 项韧带 • 横突间韧带Intertansverse ligament • 关节突关节Zygapophysial joint

脊柱的生理弯曲Normal Curves of vertebral column • 颈曲Cervical curvature convex forward • 胸曲Thoracic curvature convex backward • 腰曲Lumbar curvature convex forward • 骶曲Sacral curvature convex backward 脊柱的运动 Movement of the vertebral column • • 前屈flexion 后伸extension 侧屈lateral flexion 旋转和环转rotation and circumduction

脊柱裂Spina bifida cystica

胸廓Thoracic cage 组成Composition 12块胸椎、12对肋和1 块胸骨

胸廓的连结 • 肋椎关节Costovertebral joints – 肋头关节Joints of costal head – 肋横突关节Costotransverse joints • 胸肋关节Sternocostal joints – 第一胸肋结合Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib – 胸肋关节Sternocostal joints – 肋软骨连结Interchondral joints: 肋弓 8, 9, and 10 costal cartilages to form the costal arch

胸廓的一般特征General features of thoracic cage • 上口小、下口大前后稍扁 的圆锥形 • 胸廓上口Inlet of thorax: upper border of manubrium, first rib, and vertebra T 1 • 胸廓下口Outlet of thorax: vertebra T 12, 12 th and 11 th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid process • 胸骨下角Infrasternal angle: costal arch • 肋间隙Intercostal spaces

Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌 关节 • 关节面Articular surfaces – 下颌窝Mandibular fossa and 关节结节articular tubercle – 下颌头Head of mandibule • 关节囊Capsule 前后壁薄而松 弛，外侧壁有 外侧韧带lateral igament加强 • 关节盘Articular disc: 分关节腔 为上下两部分 • 运动 Movement: 下颌骨的上升、 下降，向前、向后和侧方 运动