Classification Taxonomy copyright cmassengale 1 What is Taxonomy

What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the scientific system of naming organisms and assigning them

Carolus Linnaeus • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern system of

A species is a group of organisms that are closely related and naturally mate

Standardized Naming • Binomial nomenclature used • Genus species • Latin or Greek •

Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale 6

Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category • • into which organisms

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST TAXON Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order

Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup! copyright cmassengale 9

Basis for Modern Taxonomy • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryo

Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale 11

Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos Early stage of life development copyright cmassengale 12

Classification by Genetic Code At the molecular level, similarities in DNA, RNA, or the

Domains of Organisms • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains • Bacteria and

DOMAIN BACTERIA • • • Kingdom Eubacteria (Eu-true) Unicellular Reproduce asexually – binary fission

Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale 16

DOMAIN ARCHAEA Kingdom Archaebacteria • Probably the 1 cells to evolve • Unicellular, reproduce

Domain Eukarya is Divided into four Kingdoms • Protista (protozoans, algae…) • Fungi (mushrooms,

Kindgom Protista • Very diverse • Unicellular, multicellar • Autotrophic, heterotrophic • Reproduce asexually

Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular, except • • except unicellular yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food

Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Autotrophic • Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis

Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive heterotrophs • heterotrophs (consume food & digest it

How do scientists categorize organisms? Cladogram- a diagram that show relationships among group of

Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as

Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale 30

Dichotomous Key copyright cmassengale 31

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Classification Taxonomy copyright cmassengale 1

What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the scientific system of naming organisms and assigning them to groups based on similarities, differences, and ancestry Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale 2

Carolus Linnaeus • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) • copyright cmassengale 3

A species is a group of organisms that are closely related and naturally mate to produce fertile offspring. copyright cmassengale 4

Standardized Naming • Binomial nomenclature used • Genus species • Latin or Greek • Italicized in print • Capitalize genus, but NOT species • Underline when Turdus migratorius writing American Robin copyright cmassengale 5

Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale 6

Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category • • into which organisms are placed according to anatomical similarities & differences, fossil record, DNA comparisons There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale 7

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST TAXON Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species Most Specific copyright cmassengale 8

Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup! copyright cmassengale 9

Basis for Modern Taxonomy • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryo development • Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale 10

Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale 11

Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos Early stage of life development copyright cmassengale 12

Classification by Genetic Code At the molecular level, similarities in DNA, RNA, or the amino acid sequence of proteins can be a basis for grouping organisms together.

Domains of Organisms • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains • Bacteria and Archaea are unicellular • prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane -bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale 14

DOMAIN BACTERIA • • • Kingdom Eubacteria (Eu-true) Unicellular Reproduce asexually – binary fission Important decomposers for environment Aerobes, anaerobes, autotrophs, heterotrophs Peptidoglycan in cell wall Most familiar- L. acidophilus in yogurt, E. coli in digestive tract, Streptococcus-sore throat copyright cmassengale 15

Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale 16

DOMAIN ARCHAEA Kingdom Archaebacteria • Probably the 1 cells to evolve • Unicellular, reproduce Binary fission • anaerobic • Live in HARSH environments st –Sewage Treatment Plants –Thermal or Volcanic Vents –Hot Springs or Geysers that are acidic –Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) –Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan copyright cmassengale 17

ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale 18

Domain Eukarya is Divided into four Kingdoms • Protista (protozoans, algae…) • Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) • Plantae (multicellular plants) • Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale 20

Kindgom Protista • Very diverse • Unicellular, multicellar • Autotrophic, heterotrophic • Reproduce asexually – • Reproduce sexually • Aquatic (“Left-over Kingdom”) budding or binary fission copyright cmassengale 21

Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular, except • • except unicellular yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale 22

Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Autotrophic • Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose • copyright cmassengale 23

Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive heterotrophs • heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or other animals copyright cmassengale 24

How do scientists categorize organisms? Cladogram- a diagram that show relationships among group of organism. Dichotomous key- use to determine the identity of a single organism copyright cmassengale 28

Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales. All groups on a cladogram share a common ancestor copyright cmassengale 29

Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale 30

Dichotomous Key copyright cmassengale 31