CLASSIFICATION Packet 2 NOTES INTRO TO CLASSIFICATION Pages

CLASSIFICATION Packet 2

NOTES: INTRO TO CLASSIFICATION Pages 1 -3

Classification of Living Things: Scientists have discovered and named over 2 MILLION ________ different organisms, and the list continues to grow every day. CLASSIFICATION ___________ is a way of grouping things into categories based upon their characteristics. TAXONOMY The science of classifying all living things is called ________. � The way we classify organisms is based upon a system developed over 200 years ago by Carolus Linnaeus.

According to his system, organisms are placed into groups TAXA called _____. Linnaeus created 7 taxa: • Kingdom • Phylum Class • Order • Family �Genus �Species LARGEST (_________) SMALLEST (_________) A large number of organisms belong to the same kingdom. Fewer belong to the same phylum, and so on. � Species is the smallest, most ________category. SPECIFIC Organisms of the same species are a group of genetically distinct organisms.

Two organisms in the same genus are quite similar because they diverged (came from) a recent common ancestor. However, some form of selection in the past caused them to separate into different groups or species. American Black Bear Grizzly Bear

The diagram below shows Linnaeus’s classification of a grizzly bear starting with its Kingdom. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Label the names of the missing taxa on the lines Notice the diversity of the organisms that are in the same kingdom as the grizzly bear. • How many taxa do the fox & grizzly bear have in common? ____ 4

The diagram below shows Linnaeus’s classification of a grizzly bear starting with its Kingdom. Phylum Class Order Family Genus � � If two organisms are in the same phylum, does that No mean that they must be in the same class? _____ Which animal in this diagram is most closely related to the Black Bear grizzly bear? _______

How we define a species? As we learn more about the organisms around us, the definition for a species has changed over time. � If we have two organisms that look alike, how do we know if organisms are the same species? Scientists use several characteristics to determine this.

A species is defined as organisms that: 1. Have a similar shape/structure (morphology). Many species have great variation in their appearances. Some examples include:

Ex: Dogs show a great degree of variation in their species.

Ex: Lions – males & females have some differences in their appearance

A species is defined as organisms that: 2. Are able to mate AND produce fertile offspring. Two giraffes reproduce and give birth to a baby giraffe. Once the giraffe matures, it will reproduce and have babies of its own.

A species is defined as organisms that: 2. Are able to mate AND produce fertile offspring. Horse A _____ & a donkey have a similar appearance and are both in the genus Equus. When a horse is mated with a donkey, their offspring is a mule. different As it turns out, mules are sterile and can’t reproduce. That means that these two animals must be ______ species.

A species is defined as organisms that: 3. The organisms must be a natural population. That means if the only time these animals might be found together is in captivity, they would not be the same species. Lions Tigers � ____ & _____ belong to the genus Panthera.

These animals can also mate and produce offspring called a Liger or a Tigon (which are often sterile, meaning they too can’t produce offspring). � Tigon = Tiger (male) x lion (female) � Liger = Lion (male) x Tiger (female)

Linnaeus realized that referring to organisms by their common name could be quite confusing. While some common names refer only to one specific species (i. e. Lion and Walrus) …

… Other times a common name can refer to many different species (i. e. deer… there are 34 different species of deer).

Linnaeus realized that each species needed a universal scientific name. These names were made up of the last two taxa: GENUS SPECIES (______ + ______ ) Ex. Ursus maritimus

Scientific Names Each species is given a unique scientific name. LATIN These names are in _______so they often sound unusual to us. The scientific name for humans Homo sapiens is_______.

Scientific Names Homo All humans are in the genus ____ and Sapiens species name _____. } Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammali Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens. Full Classification

Today, the system has been modified in several ways: GENETIC 1 – Based upon _______ evidence, the classification of some organism had to be changed. We are more accurately able to tell how closely related PROTEINS DNA organisms are by comparing their _____ or _______. DOMAIN 2 – A larger taxa (classification group) was added to the system called _______. Organisms are placed into one of three domains based upon the complexity of their cells prokaryotes = no nucleus eukaryotes = nucleus

Within each domain, organisms are placed into a _______. KINGDOM Organisms in the same kingdom share several important characteristics such as cell structure or how they obtain and use energy (heterotrophs = eat autotrophs = make own food

Classification Groups from biggest to smallest (broadest to most specific)

Classification Groups from biggest to smallest (broadest to most specific)

STUDY GUIDE: INTRO TO CLASSIFICATION Page 4

Introduction to Classification 1. What is the scientific name of the grizzly bear? _______ Ursus arctos (refer to the chart on page 1 of your notes). 2. What language is used to give scientific names to all living things? _____ latin 3. What is the genus of the red maple if its scientific name is Acer rubrum? _____ Acer 4. The largest group in the current system of domain species classification is the _____ ; The ______ is the smallest classification group.

5. Fill in the name of each missing taxonomic category on the right in the chart below: Taxon Kingdom Class Family Species Green Frog Animalia Chordata Amphibia Anura Ranidae Rana clamitans Mountain Lion Domestic Dog Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Canidae Felis Canis concolor familiaris Human Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens 6. Which taxon (category) includes the most specific characteristics? ______ 7. Which taxon above includes a larger number of species, an order or a phylum? _______

Taxon Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Green Frog Animalia Chordata Amphibia Anura Ranidae Rana clamitans Mountain Lion Domestic Dog Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Canidae Felis Canis concolor familiaris Human Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens 6. Which taxon (category) includes the most specific characteristics? species ______ phylum 7. Which taxon above includes a larger number of species, an order or a phylum? _______ Rana clamitans

Taxon Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Green Frog Animalia Chordata Amphibia Anura Ranidae Rana clamitans Mountain Lion Domestic Dog Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Canidae Felis Canis concolor familiaris Human Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens 9. Which taxa do all four organisms have in common? Kingdom & Phylum ____________ Domestic Dog Mountain Lion 10. Which two organisms in the chart are the most closely related? 4 Green Frog _______ & __________; How many taxa do they have in

Taxon Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Green Frog Animalia Chordata Amphibia Anura Ranidae Rana clamitans Mountain Lion Domestic Dog Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Canidae Felis Canis concolor familiaris Human Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens 12. For two organisms to successfully mate (produce fertile offspring), they must species be the same __________ 13. Which taxa is larger than a family, but smaller than a class? _________ order Eukarya 14. Since all of these organisms are in the animal kingdom, what is the name of the domain that they are found in? ________

Review Intro to Classification 1. What do you call the study of how living things are classified? taxonomy 2. List the levels of classification starting from biggest to smallest. D-K-P-C-O-F-G-S 3. How many words are in every scientific name? 2 What language are scientific names written in. Latin 4.

Review Intro to Classification 5. Write the scientific name ACER RUBRUM in Acer rubrum the correct format. 6. What is the word Acer? genus 7. What is the word rubrum? species 8. What are the 3 characteristics that organisms must have to be classified as the same • species? must look alike (similar morphology) • be able to breed and have fertile offspring • found together in nature

Review Intro to Classification 9. What kingdom do humans belong in? 10. When domain was added to the classification system, animals were put into a domain with 3 other kingdoms because they all have ____. Animalia A nucleus 11. What information can scientists now use to more accurately determine relatedness between individuals? DNA & Protein 12. Who is Carolus Linnaeus? The father of taxonomy (gave us our classification system)

NOTES: WAYS TO SHOW EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS Page 5

Cladogram (Phylogenetic trees) are used to show organisms & their ancestors evolved from one another. � � � Organisms shown share a common ancestor (located at the bottom of the tree/branches). The simplest (most primitive) animals will be at the base of the chart. The most complex (or most highly evolved) will be at the top of the chart (farthest from the base).

Use the cladogram to the right to answer the following questions: 1. Which animal is the most primitive? _______________ 2. Does the perch possess a lungs? _________________ Hagfish No

Use the cladogram to the right to answer the following questions: 3. What features are shared by the salamander & mouse? Jaws and Lungs ___________________________

Use the cladogram to the right to answer the following questions: 4. Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on the main axis like all of the other characteristics? Because the organisms after it (Mouse and Chimp) do not have feathers ___________________________

A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms. 5. Which animals on the cladogram have limbs? Lizard, Kangaroo, and Cat 6. Which animal on the cladogram is the most complex? Cat

A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms. 7. What characteristic(s) is/are listed for the sponges? Multicellular 8. What characteristics are shared by the lizard & the earthworm? Multicellular and Semented Body

Molecules reflect evolutionary relationships. DNA Proteins Comparing the _____ and ________ (which are made of amino acids) of different species provides strong evidence for evolution. Finding the number of differences in the genetic information between different species helps determine how closely related two organisms are.

� In the cladogram on the left, the greater the evolutionary distance from humans, the greater the number of amino acid differences in the hemoglobin protein (polypeptide).

NOTES: CLASSIFICATION KEYS Page 6

Dichotomous

White Elm English Oak No Pointed Five Magnolia Sweet Gum

Barnacle and Crab Tiny Free Swimming Larva Latin Genus Species

Homo sapiens Taxonomy Have a similar shape/structure Be able to mate and produce fertile offspring Must be a natural population Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Archaeabacteria Eubacteria Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia

Domain Kingdom Phylum Family Genus Order Class Species Dichotomous Vertebrae Lizards, Birds and Mammals