Classification of Matter MATTER Matter is anything that

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Classification of Matter MATTER - Matter is anything that has mass and takes up

Classification of Matter MATTER - Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume) - All matter is made of particles

MATTER Pure Substance Every has madepart of the same fixed kind of compositions and

MATTER Pure Substance Every has madepart of the same fixed kind of compositions and particles. properties. Mixtures Domade not have of specific different compositions. kinds of substances.

Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures Salt solution Heterogeneous Mixtures Soil and water

Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures Salt solution Heterogeneous Mixtures Soil and water

Classification of matter • Mixtures can be sub classified into four types: homogeneous, heterogeneous,

Classification of matter • Mixtures can be sub classified into four types: homogeneous, heterogeneous, colloidal and composite.

Classification of MIXTURES • Homogeneous Mixtures are also called SOLUTIONS – mixture of two

Classification of MIXTURES • Homogeneous Mixtures are also called SOLUTIONS – mixture of two or more gases (eg. AIR) – gases dissolved in liquids (eg. Carbonated drinks) – mixture of two or more miscible liquids (eg. Rubbing alcohol) – solid fully dissolved in a liquid (eg. Brine, sugar solution) – Solid dissolved in a solid (eg. Amalgam)

More Homogeneous mixtures Gasoline – liquid solution Air – solution of gases Alloys –

More Homogeneous mixtures Gasoline – liquid solution Air – solution of gases Alloys – solid solutions Stainless steel - iron, chromium, nickel Bronze – copper, zinc, tin Brass – copper, zinc Sterling silver – silver, copper 14 karat gold – gold, silver, copper

Heterogeneous Mixtures - consist of visibly different substances or phases. - parts can be

Heterogeneous Mixtures - consist of visibly different substances or phases. - parts can be separated by physical means.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE • • COLLOIDS SUSPENSIONS COARSE MIXTURE COMPOSITES

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE • • COLLOIDS SUSPENSIONS COARSE MIXTURE COMPOSITES

 • Heterogeneous Mixtures are agglomerates. In the natural world, nearly all matter is

• Heterogeneous Mixtures are agglomerates. In the natural world, nearly all matter is heterogeneous, apart from air, fresh clear water and various minerals: quartz, rock salt, sulfur etc. - A COLLOID is a heterogeneous mixture composed of tiny particles suspended in another material. The particles are larger than molecules but less than 1 µm in diameter. Particles this small do not settle out and pass right through filter paper. Milk is an example of a colloid. - The particles can be solid, tiny droplets of liquid, or tiny bubbles of gas; the suspending medium can be a solid, liquid, or gas (although gas-gas colloids aren't possible). " - Colloids often appear to be homogeneous in bulk, but when are examined under a microscope are observed to be heterogeneous. Chemists must treat colloids as heterogeneous and process colloids to homogeneous before analysis.

Suspension Particles in a suspension are larger than those in colloids or solutions; they

Suspension Particles in a suspension are larger than those in colloids or solutions; they are visible under a microscope, and some can be seen with the naked eye.

 • Solid materials are COMPOSITES -Many inorganic materials like rock are composite. Granite

• Solid materials are COMPOSITES -Many inorganic materials like rock are composite. Granite is a mixture of of feldspar (65 -90%) , quartz (10 to 60%) and biotite or mica (10 to 15%). -Wood is an organic composite of consisting of cellulose and lignin. -Yeast in block form looks rather like a pure substance, but it is of course an extraordinarily complex, living biomaterial. -Glass Reinforced Plastic, GRP, is a composite of glass fibre in a crosslinked polymer resin. -Many industrial chemical products may have names that make then appear to be pure substances, but are actually highly complex mixtures of: active ingredient, binder, stabilisers, accelerators, lubricants, etc

Classification of matter • Pure Substances have a fixed, stoichiometric composition: Ne, Na. Cl,

Classification of matter • Pure Substances have a fixed, stoichiometric composition: Ne, Na. Cl, O 2, S 8, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6, etc. Pure substances are elements and compounds

Pure Substance Water. All water samples contain the same proportions of hydrogen and oxygen

Pure Substance Water. All water samples contain the same proportions of hydrogen and oxygen + + H H O __

Pure Substance Element Silver Carbon Nitrogen Aluminum Gold Sulfur Compound Carbon dioxide Water Ammonia

Pure Substance Element Silver Carbon Nitrogen Aluminum Gold Sulfur Compound Carbon dioxide Water Ammonia Sodium chloride

ELEMENT Sulfur (S) Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Aluminum (Al) Calcium (Ca) Gold (Au), Silver

ELEMENT Sulfur (S) Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Aluminum (Al) Calcium (Ca) Gold (Au), Silver (Ag) Tungsten (W) - cannot be separated into two or more substances - elements are composed of only one kind of atom.

ELEMENTS • There are 81 non-radioactive elements. • All elements heavier than barium, Ba,

ELEMENTS • There are 81 non-radioactive elements. • All elements heavier than barium, Ba, atomic number 83, are radioactive, are technetium, 43, and promethium, 61. • Some radioactive elements have isotopes with half lives close to a billion years, and these still exist on Earth: 235 U and 238 U are well known examples. Others, atomic number 93 to 118 (but not 117) must be prepared synthetically and may exist for microseconds or less. • There are 92 naturally occuring elements.

Compound Carbon dioxide (CO 2) Water (H 2 O) Ammonia (NH 4) - contains

Compound Carbon dioxide (CO 2) Water (H 2 O) Ammonia (NH 4) - contains two or more elements, in definite proportion. - compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom.

Compound name Formula Uses Acetaminophen C 9 H 9 NO 2 Pain reliever Acetic

Compound name Formula Uses Acetaminophen C 9 H 9 NO 2 Pain reliever Acetic acid C 2 H 4 O 2 Ingredient in vinegar Ammonia NH 3 Fertilizer, household cleaner Ascorbic Acid C 6 H 8 O 6 Vitamin C Baking soda Na. HCO 3 Cooking Butane C 4 H 10 Lighter fuel Caffeine C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 Stimulant in coffee, tea, soda Ethanol C 2 H 6 O Disinfectant, alcoholic beverages Methane CH 4 Natural gas, fuel Phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 Flavoring in soda Salt Na. Cl Flavoring Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 Sweetener Water H 2 O Washing, cooking, cleaning