Classification of Living Things WHY CLASSIFY Identifies and

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Classification of Living Things

Classification of Living Things

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names species ________________ Groups organisms in a logical manner ________________

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names species ________________ Groups organisms in a logical manner ________________

REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY is the total of _______ all the living things in an ecosystem.

REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY is the total of _______ all the living things in an ecosystem. ________ SPECIES A ______ is a population of organisms share similar characteristics that ____________ and can breed with each other. ____

TAXONOMY ________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms

TAXONOMY ________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms

What is the point in naming and organizing organisms into groups with biological significance?

What is the point in naming and organizing organisms into groups with biological significance? It helps make sense _______ of relationships! An animal with feathers BIRD. . . ? Image from: http: //www. flagsplus. com/flags/21778_bird_collage. jpg

A good classification system: places organisms in a group with ______________ other organisms that

A good classification system: places organisms in a group with ______________ other organisms that are similar Uses names that are UNIQUE Can CHANGE as new data is discovered Shows RELATIONSHIPS of organisms

(300 B. C. ) The first person to group or classify organisms was the

(300 B. C. ) The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _____ ARISTOTLE more than 2000 years ago.

Aristotle’s system By: Riedell PLANTS: _____ Based on kind of stem _____ ANIMALS: Based

Aristotle’s system By: Riedell PLANTS: _____ Based on kind of stem _____ ANIMALS: Based on where _____ they lived _____

Problem: common names can vary Example: mountain lion _______ puma _______ catamount _______ cougar

Problem: common names can vary Example: mountain lion _______ puma _______ catamount _______ cougar _______. . . are all names for the same animal universally accepted scientific name By using a _______________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Common names vary Chipmunk (English) ____ German Streifenhornchen (______) Italian Tamia (______) Spanish Ardilla

Common names vary Chipmunk (English) ____ German Streifenhornchen (______) Italian Tamia (______) Spanish Ardilla listada (______)

Common names can be misleading Ex: jelly. FISH isn’t a fish, A ____ sea.

Common names can be misleading Ex: jelly. FISH isn’t a fish, A ____ sea. HORSE is! but a _____ Sea cucumber plant sounds like a _____ animal but… it’s an ______!

Common names can be misleading In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk

Common names can be misleading In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk ____ In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a ____ vulture ______.

th 19 By mid century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists

th 19 By mid century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use Latin and Greek to give a ______ single name to each species.

EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep

EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” PROBLEMS: Names too hard and long to remember! Different scientists described different characteristics.

________ Carl Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification

________ Carl Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707 -1778)

Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 8 different taxonomic levels TAXONS

Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 8 different taxonomic levels TAXONS OR _____

Domain (Did) Kingdom(King) Phylum(Philip) Class(Come) Order(Over) Family(For) Genus(Good) Species(Soup)

Domain (Did) Kingdom(King) Phylum(Philip) Class(Come) Order(Over) Family(For) Genus(Good) Species(Soup)

Binomial Nomenclature • The process of assigning each organism a two-part scientific name

Binomial Nomenclature • The process of assigning each organism a two-part scientific name

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 -name naming system) 1 st name = ________ Genus – Always

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 -name naming system) 1 st name = ________ Genus – Always CAPITALIZED 2 nd name = _________ species –Always lower case UNDERLINED or Both names are _______ ITALICS typed in ______.

GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = _____ Ursus (Includes many kinds

GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = _____ Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis unique to each kind of bear SPECIES = ___________

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens

Levels of Taxonomy (based on morphology) Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens

Levels of Taxonomy (based on morphology) Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens

Task: To complete the “Classification of Living Things” chart *Text Pg. 618 Eubacteria Archeabacteria

Task: To complete the “Classification of Living Things” chart *Text Pg. 618 Eubacteria Archeabacteria

Crash Course Biology Part 2 Use this video clip to add to your chart!

Crash Course Biology Part 2 Use this video clip to add to your chart!

*Classification *organizing living things in a way that makes sense *Bacteria *Archaea *Eukarya *Pro

*Classification *organizing living things in a way that makes sense *Bacteria *Archaea *Eukarya *Pro *Euk *unicellular *mostly multi *Auto or Hetero *cell walls w/pepti & live in all enviros except extreme *cell walls w/o pepti & live in extreme enviros *4 kingdoms *organisms are grouped according to their characteristics and phylogeny (evolutionary history)

*Classification *grouping organisms in logical manner. Domain is the broadest category/taxa *Bacteria *Archaea *Eukarya

*Classification *grouping organisms in logical manner. Domain is the broadest category/taxa *Bacteria *Archaea *Eukarya *Prokaryotes *eukaryotes *unicellular *uni or multi *auto or hetero *cell walls w/o pepti; can live in harsh enviros *made up of 4 kingdoms *cell walls with pepti *Organisms are grouped by physical characteristics and evolutionary history

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

Modern Classification • Linnaeus classified organisms according to their morphology (how they looked). •

Modern Classification • Linnaeus classified organisms according to their morphology (how they looked). • Today, we still use morphology, but we also have DNA evidence as well as…

Phylogeny • The study of an organism’s evolutionary history

Phylogeny • The study of an organism’s evolutionary history

Cladistics • A method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms Examples: – Phylogenetic Trees –

Cladistics • A method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms Examples: – Phylogenetic Trees – Cladograms *We study Phylogeny by using Cladistics.

*Node = common ancestor

*Node = common ancestor

Video Clip: Cladograms You. Tube: Bozeman Science Cladograms

Video Clip: Cladograms You. Tube: Bozeman Science Cladograms

Constructing a Cladogram How can methods of transportation be organized using a cladogram?

Constructing a Cladogram How can methods of transportation be organized using a cladogram?

Draw on your white board! (don’t write the word “label”)

Draw on your white board! (don’t write the word “label”)

Directions: • Complete the cladogram by filling in each method of transportation: – Bike

Directions: • Complete the cladogram by filling in each method of transportation: – Bike – Car – Motorcycle – Airplane – Foot