Classification of Living Things old school REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY

Classification of Living Things old school

REMEMBER… BIODIVERSITY = the number of different _______ species in an ecosystem SPECIES = population of organisms that ______ share similar characteristics and can interbreed.

• Biologists have identified and named 1. 5 million over_______ species so far. • Estimates = between 2 -100 million species yet be discovered

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner

TAXONOMY _______ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms based on similarities and molecular evidence.

Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar. . . are all names for same animal By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Common names can be misleading Ex: A jelly. FISH isn’t a fish, but a sea. HORSE is! Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE 2 -name naming system created by Linnaeus ) GENUS NAME 1 st name = ________ – Always capitalized SPECIES NAME 2 nd name = _________ –Always lower case UNDERLINED Both names are _______ or ITALICS written in ______. Example: Homo sapiens

• Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of different levels or TAXA based on similar characteristics: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dear King Philip Come Over For Great Spagetti

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Chordata Phylum Mammalia Class Carnivora Order Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo

GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus arctos (Includes many kinds of bears) Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear

How are relationships determined? • Evolutionary history (phylogeny). • Cladistics- classifies organisms according to the order they diverged from a common ancestor. – Sequence orders of organisms based on derived characters that evolved with respect to a common outgroup – Development and Behavior – Biochemistry (Nucleic acids and amino acids) and Genetics

CLADOGRAM - a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. - based on PHYLOGENY, or the study of evolutionary relationships. Derived character

Dichotomous keys • tool used to help identify unknown organisms based on a key. The key has a series of choices that leads the user to correctly identify organism(s). • Dichotomous keys help scientists to classify organisms into different taxonomic levels (kingdom, phylum, family, etc. ) based off of their similar characteristics.

Kingdoms & Domains

3 DOMAINS Bacteria Archaea Eukarya 6 KINGDOMS Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria Live in harsh places Eubacteria Protista True bacteria Amoeba Euglena Giant kelp Slime mold Fungi Mushrooms yeast Plantae Animalia Green plants animals Animalia http: //highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/0078617022/164213/00044691. html

DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA • PROKARYOTES • • UNICELLULAR Have cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan Can be AUTOTROPHS or HETEROTROPHS EXAMPLES: HALOPHILES, CHEMOPHILES LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen

DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA PROKARYOTES • ___________ UNICELLULAR • ___________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN • Have cell walls with ________ AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS • Can be ______ or _______ E. coli, Streptococcus • EXAMPLES: ___________

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA EUKARYOTES • _______ UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi • Most _________ CELLULOSE • Some have cell walls with________ Some have chloroplasts • ___________ AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS • Can be _______ or ________ amoeba; paramecium; giant kelp; slime mold • EXAMPLES: _____________

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI EUKARYOTES • ______ Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR • _________________ CHITIN • Have cell walls with _____ HETEROTROPHS- absorb nutrients from decaying organic matte • ________ mushrooms, yeast • EXAMPLES: _____

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE EUKARYOTES • ________ MULTICELLULAR • ________ CHLOROPLASTS • Have cell walls with ______ and CELLULOSE _______ AUTOTROPHS • _______ mosses, ferns, trees, flowering • EXAMPLES: __________ plants

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA EUKARYOTES • ________ MULTICELLULAR • ________ NO CELL WALLS • ________ or CHLOROPLASTS HETEROTROPHS • _________ worms, insects, fish, birds, mammals, humans EXAMPLES: ____________

Figure 18 -12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM ______ Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Eukaryote ______ Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls ______ of chitin _____ Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts Unicellular _______ Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular ____________ MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or _____________ Heterotroph Autotroph ______ Heterotroph ______ EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS